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Cognition readings (Week 2 (Povinelli (2000) (Name: Toward a Science of…

- - - - Things within modules are still conscious states
      - horizontal
        
        inpenetreble
        
        memory, imagination, judgement, and perception,
        
        domain specific
      - vertical
        
        penetreble
        
        not-domain specific
        
        problem-solving, language,gaze following, theory of mind, causality detection
        
        happen through development
    - - P-Consciousness
        
        Phenomenal: everything you take in
        
        Facial recognition is part of P consciousness
        
        P consciousness is qualia
      - A-Consciousness
        
        Accessible: thinking, introspecting, and remembering
  - - - Name: Language as an Adaptation
        to the Cognitive Niche
- - - - Neoclassical theory
        
        Def: Most concepts are structured mental representations that encode partial definitions, i.e., necessary conditions for their application.
        
        Criticism
        
        The problem of completers: If partial definitions are turned into full definitions, then the Neoclassical Theory has all the problems that are associated with the Classical Theory. If, instead, they are left incomplete, then the Neoclassical Theory has no account of reference determination.
        
        The problem of ignorance and error: Supplementing neoclassical strucuture with 3-D models won't help in accounting for reference determination
        
        The regress problem for semantic fields: Neoclassical structure can't explain how a word retains aspects of its meaning across different semantic fields. Either its conceptual constituents must themeselves have neoclassical structure, and so on, or else no structure is needed at all.
      - Prototype (Strong nativist)
        
        Def: Most concepts are structured mental representations that encode the properties that objects in their extension tend to posses.
        
        Criticism
        
        The problem of prototypical primes: Typicality effects don't argue for prototype structure, since even well-defined concepts exhibit typicality effects
        
        The problem of ignorance and error: Ignorance and error is as much a problem for the prototype theory as it is for the classical theory. Indeed, the problem is considerably worse for the Prototype Theory, since concepts with prototype structure fail to cover highly atypical instances and incorrectly include non-instances
        
        The missing prototype problem Many concepts lack prototypes
        
        The problem of coslmopositionality: The prototype theory does not have an adequate account of compositionally, since the prototypes of complex concepts aren't generally a function of the prototypes of their constituent concepts.
      - Conceptual atomism (Strong nativist)
        
        Def: Lexical concepts are primitive, they have no structure.
        
        Criticism
        
        The problem of radical nativism: Under conceptual atomism, most lexical concepts turn out to be innate, including such unlikely candidates as Xylophone and Carburetor.
        
        The problem of explanatory impotence If lexical concepts are primitive, they can't explain psychological phenomena such as categorization.
        
        The problem of the analytic data Conceptual atomism lacks an adequate explanation of why people have intuitions of analyticity
        
        The problem of compositionality Atomistic theories have as much difficulty with conceptual combination as the prototype theory.
        
        The problem of empty and coextensive concepts If concepts are atoms and the content of a concept is just its reference, the coextensive concepts can't be distinguished. As a result, all empty concepts have the same content.
      - Theory theory
        
        Def: Concepts are representations whose stucture consists in their relations to other concepts as specified by a mental theory.
        
        Criticism
        
        The problem of stability:The content of a concept can't remain invariant across changes in its mental theory.
        
        The "Mysteries of Science" Problem: The mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of new scientific theories and for the shift from one theory to another are poorly understood.
        
        The problem of ignorance and error: It is possible to have a concept in spite of its being tied up with a deficient or erroneous mental theory.
      - Classical theory
        
        Def: Most concepts are structured mental representations that encode a set of sufficient and necessary conditions for their application, in sensory or perceptual terms.
        
        Criticism
        
        The problem of psychological reality: Lexical concepts show no effects of definitional structure in psychological experiments
        
        The problem of analyticity: Philosophical arguments against analyticity also work against the claim that concepts have definitions.
        
        Plato's problem: There are few, if any, defined concepts
        
        The problem of ignorance and error: It is possible to have a concept in spite of massive ignorances and/or error, so concept possession can't be a matter of knowing a definition.
        
        The problem of conceptual fuzziness: The Classical theory implies that concepts have determinate answers, yet concepts and categorization both admit of a certain amount of indeterminacy.
    - - Compositional reference-determining structure structure that contributes to the content and reference of a concept via a compositional semantics
      - Nonsematic structure structure that contributes to the content of a concept but is isolated from referential consequences
      - Nonreferential semantic structure structure that contributes to the content of a concept but is isolated from referential consequences
      - Sustaining mechanism structure structure that contributes to the content of a concept indirectly by figuring in a theoretically significant sustaining mechanism, ie, a mechanism that supports a relation such as asymmetric dependence.
  - - - Def: comprised of concepts (noun)
      - Properties
        
        Enduring
        
        Discrete
        
        Abstract
        
        Rule-governed
        
        Compositional structure
    - - Add-on to representations
      - Def: superordinate category of representations
      - information carrying states that enable you to pursue your goal states
  - - - Perceptron
        
        by Frank Rosenblatt
        
        able to learn any function anyone wanted it to be able to compute
      - Newel & Simon
        
        could execute logical operations
        
        build in January 1956
      - DORA
        
        Discovery Of Relations by Analogy
        
        Relational learning DORA learns
        structured representations by comparing objects to isolate their shared properties and to represent these shared properties as explicit structures
    - - Rational and Bayesian
      - Connectionist/ParalelDistributedProcessing
      - Dynamical system approaches
      - Symbolic and logic based
      - Cognitive architecture and hybrid systems
  - - - Child as an alien
        
        Theories
        
        mechanism: causal explanatory understandings
        
        input: source of data
        
        innate: skeletal principles and ontologies
        
        outcome: variable within broad constraints
        
        domains: psychology, physics, biology
      - Child as a novice
        
        Expertise
        
        mechanism: information processing skills
        
        input: experience/ foundational
        
        innate: information processing strategies
        
        outcome: highly variable
        
        domains: reading, dinosaurs, physics
      - Child as an adult
        
        Modules
        
        mechanism: biological constraints
        
        input: input as trigger
        
        innate: mandatory input-output systems
        
        output: highly fixed and constrained
        
        domains: language, vision, theory of mind
- - - - Emotional episodes
      - Mood
      - Personality
  - - - Strong = replacement
      - Weak = constitution
  - - - Recognize and simulate emotion
      - synthetic nervous system (SNS)
        
        Low-level extraction feature system
        
        vision system can perform eye detection, motion detection and, albeit controversial, skin-color detection
        
        audio system is mainly tuned towards identifying affect in infant-directed speech.
        
        five different types of affective speech: approval, prohibition, attention, comfort, and neutral
        
        Motivation system
        
        offers a demonstration of Kismet's capabilities, narrated as emotive facial expressions that communicate the robot's 'motivational state'
        
        Motor system
        
        Kismet speaks a proto-language with a variety of phonemes, similar to baby's babbling. It uses the DECtalk voice synthesizer, and changes pitch, timing, articulation, etc. to express various emotions