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Prokaryotic Cell (Structure (Internal (Cytoplasm (70%-80% water, site for…

- - - - 70%-80% water
      - site for nearly all chemical reaction
      - soluable proteins, salt, carbonhydrates
    - - structure
        
        two subunits (30S and 50S)
        
        total size: 70s
        
        measure by sedmentation rate in centrifugation rather than size
      - Function
        
        translates mRNA into protein
    - - non-menbrane bound granules
      - usuallt for storage of nutrients
    - - contain DNA
        
        in the form of single circular bacterial chromosome
        
        some contain plasmids
        
        nonessential pieces
        
        Double stranded circles of DNA
        
        Repulicated along with the chromosome and passed on to draughter cells
        
        confer protective traites to the bcterium
      - NO nuclear membrane
    - - network of proteins that crisscross the cytoplasm of cells
      - provides support
      - use protein fibers composed of actin and tubulin to alter cell shape
    - - produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material
        
        withsatand extremes in heat drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals
        
        heat resistance acgieved by high cintent of calcium and dipicolinic acid
      - dormant bodies produced by Bacillus, Clostriduym and Sporosarcina
        
        these bacteria have 2 phases
        
        phase 1: Vegetative cell
        
        Metabolically active and growing
        
        can be induced by the environment to undergo spore formation (sporulation)
        
        Phase 2: Endospore
        
        not metabolically active connt multiply
        
        very resistant to heat, chemicals,deying
        
        can germinate back to vegetative cells
        
        stimulus for sporulation
        
        the depletion of nutrients
      - Spore germination
        
        Breaking of dormancy
        
        in the present of water and specific germination agent
        
        the agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes, digest the cortex and expose the core to water
        
        resist ordinary cleaning methods
  - - - all prokaryotes have cell walls that contains peptidoglycans
        
        the identification of gram-positive or gram-negative cell
        
        Gram-positive cell
        
        2 Layers
        
        Thick Cell Wall
        
        contain teichoic and lipoteichoic acid (protein)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        Gram-negative cell
        
        3 Layers
        
        Outer membrane (extra)
        
        more difficult to inhibit or kill
        
        interact with human cells and tissue to cause disease
        
        1 more item...
        
        impervious to some antimicrobial chemicals
        
        repeated framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide(protein) fragmant
        
        provides regidity to resist repturing of osmotic pressure
        
        help determine bacteria shape
      - in fungi the cell wall contains the polysaccharide called chitin
      - plant cell walls cintain the polysaccharide cellulose
      - Nontypical Cell Wall
        
        Not characterized as gram-positive or Gram-negative
        
        eg. Mycobacterium and Nocardia
        
        Don't have a cell wall
        
        eg: Mycoplasmas
        
        resistant to lysis
        
        only contain plasma menbrane
        
        stabilized by sterols (chilrsterol)
        
        Cause lung infection
        
        Rickettsia
        
        have typical gram-negative cell wall but do not stain well with Gram stain, stains readily with Giemsa
        
        Lifestyle: oligate intracellular parasites
        
        Alternate between a mamlian host and blood-sucking arthropods
        
        cannot carry out metabolism completely on their own
        
        cannot survive or mutiply outside a host cell
        
        Human disease
        
        Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
        
        Endemic typhus
        
        Tiny
        
        Clamydia
        
        require host cells for growth and metabolism
        
        Genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
        
        not closely related
        
        gram-negative, lack muramic acid, take up Giemsa stain
        
        Human diseases
        
        Chalmydia trachomatis
        
        Chlamydophila pneumonia
        
        Not transmitted by arthropods
    - - a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded
        
        30%-40% phosopholipid
        
        60%-70% protein
      - provide a site for reactions
        
        contain enzymes for respiration and ATP synthesis
      - regulate the passage or movement of nytrients into and out of the cell cytoplasm