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Biology 124 Midterm (Lab 2:Bacteria and Archaea :black_circle: (Domain…
Biology 124 Midterm
Lab 2:Bacteria and Archaea :black_circle:
Procedures: Make wet mount slides of bacteria and archaea species to examine their shape. Establish between gram negative and gram positive bacteria
Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can obtain food in a number of ways, photosynthetic bacteria process sunlight to make energy, chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize inorganic compounds, nitrogen fixing bacteria fix nitrogen into a compound that plants can use
Energy sources:
Photoautotrophic: synthesize their own organic molecules molecules through photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophic: synthesize their own organic molecules by oxidizing inorganic substances
Heterotrophic: rely on other organisms to syntesize molecules for energy
Bacteria can participate in ecological relationships such as mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
The differences between Bacteria and Archaea: Archaea have a lack of muramic acid in cell walls, Branched membrane lipids
no peptidoglycan in the cell walls, some have pseudopeptidoglycan
Bacteria have fatty acids in their plasma membranes
Proteobacteria, green bacteria, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, gram positive and chlamydias
Bacterial Shapes :diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Coccus- spherical shapes (plural=cocci)
Bacillus- rodlike shapes (plural=bacilli)
Spirillum- spiral shapes (plural=spirilla)
Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria
Species in this kingdom can be a variety of shapes such as, rod-shaped, spherical and spiral. They can also occupy colonies or filaments.
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Hyperthermophiles: Very hot temperatures Psychrophiles: cold loving
Phylum Korarchaeota
Most primitive phylum and very little is known about them
Phylum Euryarchaeota : found in extreme environments
Methanogens: strict anaerobes
Halophiles : extreme salt concentrations
Thermophiles: warm temperatures
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Lab 4: Diversity of Algae :white_flower:
Algae
: Plant-like protists that have photosynthetic pigments, most are unicellular, however some are colonial and multicellular
Domain Eukarya
Archaeaplastida (Supergroup)
Chlorophyta (phylum)
Green algae
Chlorophytes are very diverse
some are motile while others are not
some are unicellular while others are colonial
higher plants are believed to have risen from green algae
true chloroplasts
Rhodophyta (phylum)
Red algae
Abundant in warm marine water, rarely found in freshwater sources
Reddish plastids called rhodoplasts
The variation of their color depends on the number of phycobilins which are red and blue and can give combinations of red, green, purple and greenish black
Phycoerythrin allows the algae to live in deeper water
Kingdom Plantae: Anthophyta (phylum)
Chromalveolata (Supergroup)
Phaeophyta (Phylum)
Brown Algae
more commonly known as seaweed
Multicellular and structurally complex
cold marine environments and some freshwater
Accessory pigment Fucoxanthin masks the green chlorophyll in the species and causes them to appear as a brown or olive green
Domain Bacteria
Cyanophyta (phylum)
Procedures: Obtain photosynthetic pigments from the algae specimens and use a centrifuge to separate debris. Apply small amounts of the liquid obtained to silica strips and place in TLC solution to observe thin layer chromatography
Body Structure of Algae:
thallus= the whole body structure of the organism
stipe= stem like part of organism
holdfast= part of the organism that is used for attachment
receptacles= where gametes are produced
air bladders= gas filled features that allow the organism to remain upright in the water column
Lab 1: Scientific Papers :bookmark_tabs:
Procedures: examine primary and secondary research and observe how to breakdown a scientific paper
WHIMIS Symbols:
Compressed Gas: Explosion danger, gas under pressure, may explode if heated
Lab 3: Diversity of Protists :microscope:
Procedures: Make wet mount slides of species of protsits to observe under compound microscopes to find key structures and observe the movement patterns
Use methyl cellulose for the fast moving euglena bacteria
Protists
Protists are mostly aquatic organisms that are found in freshwater, marine, soil, ponds, rivers, streams and as symbiotic relationships with other animals
TITS DICK