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Cell •Structure and function of a cell are closely related (•Endomembrane…
Cell
•Structure and function of a cell are closely related
•Endomembrane system regulate protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
•Continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
Lysosome
(DIgestive Compartments)
•Acidic environment inside the lysosome
•For breaking down
•Can be reutilize
• Contain ~40 hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules(e.g.proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acid)
Process: Autophagy
(digest whole organelle)
Damaged organelle surrounded by membrane.
Delivery to lysosome
3.Recycling
Process: Phagocytosis
Detect bacteria/foreigner
2.
Phagosome
formation.
3.Delivery to lysosome and digestion.
4.Release of particles into cytosol.
Peroxisome
:Oxidation
• specialized metabolic compartments
• Peroxisomes produce H2O2 and convert it to water
-
• Peroxisomes perform reactions with many different functions
They contain enzymes for reactions linking major biochemical pathways, e.g. fatty acid oxidation
Golgi apparatus
(shipping/receiving)
•Modifies protein products of the ER
e.g.: Removing segments of polypeptide chain/adding small functional groups/adding lipids or carbohydrate
•Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
•Vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying products to other locations
Cis face - receiving side
Trans face - shipping side
(Release vesicles)
Vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER, their site of fucntion.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(BIOSYNTHETIC FACTORY)
Smooth ER
•Lack ribosomes
•synthesizes lipids
•metabolizes Carbohydrates
•Detoxifies drugs and poisons
•Store calcium ions(muscle contracion)
Can be predominately found in:
Muscle, liver, sex hormone(steroids)cell
Rough ER
•Surface is studded with ribosomes
•bound ribosome ssecrete
glycoproteins
•Distribute
transport vesicles
containing protein surrounded by membranes
•forming cell membrane
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
(INFORMATION)
almost all genetic material(DNA) in nucleus
Nucleolus
•dense area
•site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Nuclear envelope
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
regulates the entry and exit of moleucles from the nucleus
(pores to transport substance in/out)
Ribosomes:
(PRODUCE PROTEIN)
ribosomal RNA and proteins
•Carry out protein synthesis
•not an organelle
Protein synthesis can be carried out in:
Outside ER or nuclear envelope
(bound ribosome)
Cytosol(free ribosome)
Bound and Free ribosome are structurally identical(can alternative)
•many in Pancreas cell
Mitochondria
Chemical energy power conversion
•from mother only
•Site of cellular respiration (through electron transport chain in mitochondria)
Have their own DNA and ribosomes (37 genes only)
have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into
cristae
which present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
father mitochondria (sperm can go into the egg but lysosome eat up/digest)
Mitochondrial diseases
Mitochondria are responsible for creating over 90% of the energy required by the body
Defects in mitochondria genes prevent cells from making enough ATP and result in disease that affect the muscular and nervous system
Mitochondrial myopathy - not enoug energy for muscle contraction
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - not enough energy to support nerve system