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Learner (Internal factors (Learning preferences (Cognitive, Affective,…
Learner
Internal factors
Age
Different ages=different needs, experiences, competences and cognitive skills
Personality
Introverted or anxious learners usually make slower progress, particularly in the development of oral skills. . More outgoing students will not worry about the inevitability of making mistakes. They will take risks, and thus will give themselves much more practice.
Intellectual abilities
In general, it seems that students with greater cognitive abilities (intelligence) will make the faster progress.
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Motivation (Intrisic)
Clearly, students who enjoy language learning and take pride in their progress will do better than those who don't.
Learning strategies - speciific processes people use to try to succeed in the complex tasks of learning
Cognitive - enhancing comprehension (help to understand) - analyzing, translating, Memory related - drawing a mind-map, taking notes
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Social - connected with social interaction - learning with others, asking for feedback
Compensatory - compensate the lask of knowledge in communication - non-verbal signals, gestures, pretending to understand
Affective - connected with emotions and motivation - rewarding oneself, lowering anxiety through music
Intelligence
Fluid - involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. (solving puzzles)
Crystallized - involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams.
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Learning styles - A common concept is that individuals differ in how they learn, they have nothing to do with intelligence, the important thing is to understand how you (your learners) learn
David's Kolb model - a learning cycle from experience to observation to conceptualization to experimentation and back to experience (planning, doing, reviewing, concluding)
VAKOG - Visual(picture), auditory (listening), Kinaesthetic (Gestures), Olfactory (smell), Gustatory (taste) - also based on experiences, 5 senses
Neil Fleming's VAK/VARK model - Visual learning, Auditory learning, Read/write learning, Kinesthetic learning
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