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Heart Health (Week 2 (Angina (caused by a narrowing of the blood vessels…

- - - - Smoking
        
        CO2 binding with haemoglobin --> stronger than O2 with haemoglobin --> muscles fatigue due to lack of oxygen
      - Stress
      - Cholesterol
      - obesity
    - - Age
      - Gender
        
        British Heart Foundation - Family history and heart disease
      - Genetic
      - Co-morbidities
        
        Diabetes type 2
        
        Liver disease
        
        Inflammatory disease
- - - - Lymphatics: carries hormonal messages, immune responses and bathes the cells of the body
      - Capillaries: tiny blood vessels, ONLY consist of a single layer of endothelial cells
      - Artery :
        
        Tunica Externa / outer layer / connective tissue / wraps around the vessel: protect it, anchor it to surrounding structures
        
        Tunica media / middle layer / smooth muscle
        
        Tunica Intima / innermost layer / endothelial cells
      - Capillaries --> venules --> veins (like arteries but thiner) --> vena cava (largest)
    - - Transport the blood cells and the substances dissolved withi the blood around the body
      - Each cell needs oxygen in order to function. We need oxygen to generate energy. We also generate CO2 as a waste product and needs to be transported back to the lungs to be removed
      - Air ways: nose / mouth (filtered and warmed) --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveolus --> diffuse to the cappilaries (movement: high concentration to low concentration / high pressure to low pressure)
  - - - One drop = 500 million RBC
        
        Anucleate (no nucleus) and biconcave (like a doughnut)
        
        Function: transport O2 around the body with haemoglobin
        
        1 RBC = 250 million molecules of haemoglobin
        
        1 haemoglobin = carry UP TO 4 molecules of O2
        
        Function: transport CO2 back to the lung
        
        RBC made in the bone marrow, circulate for about 120 days, every second, 2.5million RBC are being made and destroyed in your body
    - - WBC
        
        Involve in the immune system, patrolling the blood, fighting foreign things, attack different things such as viruses, bacteria, clear up dead or dying tissues
        
        Bigger than RBC, and round, have nucleus
        
        One drop = 750.000
        
        After centrifugal, WBC is a thin layer above RBC.
        
        Made in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood for either days, weeks, months, years, or even decades
        
        Provides the immune system
    - - Tiniest blood cells
        
        circulate in the blood and are involved in clotting
        
        Anucleate, able to change their shape, at rest = a disc shape, at activation - spiny protrusions, enable to stick together at sites of injury and help stop bleeding
  - - - Coronary artery and veins
      - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava -->
        right atrium --> tricuspid valve (3 papilarry muscles & 3 chordae) -->
        right ventricle --> pulmonary valve -->
        2 pulmonary artery --> lung --> 4 pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> mitral valve (bicuspid, 2-2) --> left ventricle (fibrous / chordae tendenae -->
        aortic valve --> aorta
        *pulmonary valve / aortic valve = semilunar
      - endocardium (inner), myocardium (middle), pericardium (outer)
    - - Sinoatrial node (right atrium) --> Atrioventricular node --> Right and left branch
        
        P = polarisation of the atria
        
        QRS = ventricle polarisation / contraction = systole --> ventricle repolarisation / relaxation = diastole
        
        T = ventricular relaxation
        
        U = repolarisation of the papillary muscles - associated with the AV node