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Multi-Store Model of Memory (Sensory register (Coding (Crowder (1993)…
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Info passes through different storage systems
Each stage differs in terms of coding, capacity, duration
Info can remain in STM by maintenance rehearsal, such repetition will create LTM
The more info is rehearsed, the better it is remembered
Sensory register
First store, holds sensory info from senses, iconic (visual), echoic (sound)
Coding
Very little coding, info remains in raw from
Diff registers for each sense:
iconic
(visual info),
echoic
(auditory info),
haptic
(touch)
Crowder (1993)
Different duration between echoic (2 secs) and iconic (1/2 sec) registers suggests info is coded according to its sense modality
Duration
Filter called 'attention' between SR and STM - info not attended to is lost quickly
Treisman (1964)
Identical info to both ears with slight delay
2 secs or less, p's could state messages were identical - after 2 secs task became difficult
Suggests echoic memory of around 2 secs
Capacity
Very large - unprocessed & highly detailed format
Sperling (1960)
Flashed grids of letter in 3x4 format for 1/20th of a second
P's to recall specified row indicated by pitches
Recall was high, suggesting letters in grid were available in p's SR
Short-term memory
Memory for immediate events, tend to disappear unless rehearsed
Coding
Mainly acoustic
Baddely (1966)
Similar sounding words harder to recall in order than dissimilar sounding words
Confusion shows words tend to be coded acoustically
Duration
Ranges from a few secs to 1 min
Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Trigrams shown for 3, 6, 9,12 and 18 seconds - asked to count backwards from 3 digit number in threes to stop rehearsal
3 secs (80% recall), 6 secs (50% recall), 18 secs (10% recall)
Shows without rehearsal, info is rapidly lost
Capacity
7 (+ or - 2) items
Jacobs, Miller
9.3 digits correctly recalled in order, 7.3 letters correctly recalled in order
Presented random sequences of letters or digits
Recent research (
Cowan et al, Mathy and Feldman
) suggests only 3.87 items correctly recalled
In Jacobs and Miller's research some info had been passed to LTM
Long-term memory
Memory for past events, can last for a lifetime
Coding
Semantically coded, info has importance to us
Baddeley (1966)
20 mins after presenting list of words, semantically dissimilar words better recalled than semantically similar
Confusion with words that have similar meanings led Baddeley to conclude that info is stored semantically
Duration
Can last up to a lifetime
Bahrick et al (1975)
After 48 years of leaving school, p's could put names to faces from yearbook with 70% accuracy
Contrast to only 30% accuracy when asked to free-recall names
Shows memories remain persistent for very long time, recalled if right cues exist
Capacity
Unlimited
Standing et al (1970)
Sequence of 2560 photos for 5-10 seconds per pic
After 36 hours p's could identify correct pic when paired with new scene 90% of the time
Shows a vast amount of material can be stored in LTM
Different stage types
Coding
- form in which info is stored
Capacity
- how much info can be stored
Duration
- how long info can be stored