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Cultural diversity at workplace (Culture (3 levels (Occupational &…
Cultural diversity at workplace
Culture
shared belief, norms, values & symbols that guide everyday life of group
Norms: set & ban behaviours
Values: what is good, legit goals for lie
Beliefs: understandings about what is true
Symbols, stories, rituals: COMM norms, values & belief of group to members
widespread & affect all aspect of life
3 levels
National: DOMINANT culture in political borders of nation(can have subcultures)
Biz culture: norms, values & beliefs that relate to ALL aspects of doing biz(show correct, acceptable way to do biz in society)
Occupational & organisational
occupation: norms, values, beliefs & expected ways of behaving for peep in SAME occupational group
Org culture: set of impt understandings that org members share
Cultural intelligence: ability to interact effectively in multiple culture
Cultural relativism: all cultures, no matter how diff, are correct & moral for peep of the culture
3 models to help manager
Hofstede model of national culture
5 dimension
power distance
how culture deal with INequality & focus on
belief that manager and subordinate are diff kind of peep
High:
inequality is good
most peep dependent on leader
powerful = got privilege & shouldnt hide power
uncertainty avoidance
tolerance for ambiguity
High:
avoid conflict
diff peep & idea not tolerated
consensus is impt
law are impt and should follow
experts normally right
individualism VS collectivism
Indi
High:
indi achievement is idedal
responsible for themselves
focus on r/s between indi & group
Collect
group dec making is best
group protect indi for loyalty to group
masculinity
tendency of culture to support traditional masculine orientation
High:
men are assertive & dominant
men should be decisive
work more impt than others
success & money are impt
LT vs ST orientation
LT
High:
Eastern culture
invest in LT employment skills
orientation towards time that values patience
ST
High:
want immediate financial returns
focus on immediately usable skills
Western culture
5 management practices affected
HRM(training, evaluation & promotion)
Leadership style
Motivational assumptions
Dec making & org design
Strategy
Global leadership & OB effectiveness(GLOBE) project
7 of 9 is same as Hofstede
2 unique
Performance orientation
degree where society encourage members to improve performance and strive for excellence
eg. US & SG have high, Russia have low
Humane orientation
indication of extent where indi expected to be fair, caring & generous
eg. Malaysia high, France low
less: value self-interest & gratification
7D culture
culture exist cause peep need solve basic prob of survival
challenges include: how peep relate to others, time & envt
5 of 7 deal with r/s among peep
Universalism VS Particularism
Universalism: based on abstract principles(rules of law, religion)
Particularism: rules are rough guide, need take who the person is into account and r/s to the one making decision
how peep treat each other
Collectivism VS Individualism
Neutral VS Affective
expressiveness of emotions
Neutral: focus more on task & should be objective
Affective: emotions are appropriate in most situations
Diffuse VS Specific
extent that indi life is involved in work r/s
Diffuse: prefer to involve multiple life areas at same time
Specific: biz separate from other parts of life
Achievement VS Ascription
manner where society give status
Achievement: earn status based on performance & accomplishments
Ascription: characteristics/associations define status
2 of 7 deal with how culture manage time & nature
Time(past, present, future, mix)
how culture deal with past...
future oriented: US, think org change is needed
Past oriented: think life is predetermined by tradition/god
Nature
Int VS Ext control
beliefs regarding control of fate
nature control us / we control nature(envt)
believe situation can be changed ?