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- - - - The Hymn of Creation in the Rig Veda 'All that existed then was void and formless: by the great power of warmth was born that one.'
      - Science and Hinduism represent contrasting understandings of the universe.
    - - An example of this is focusing on Moshka , this is the freedom from reincarnation.
  - - - Genesis 1:1: "After creating the earth, the sky, the sea and plants, G-d made birds and fish on the fifth day and animals and humans on the sixth day."
      - Some Jews interpret this literally which negates with scientific views. This means that in some aspects of Judaism science do not complement each other.
      - The literal interpretation that their God created the earth is contradictory with modern science, like with the Big Bang, this means that it doesn't compliment science and therefore is not giving the best possible answer as it challenges a widely accepted scientific view.
    - - This gives a large strength as science has largely accepted views on the origins or the universe.
      - Science is a large part or Judaism in that a lot of Jews accept scientific views. When they interpret this metaphorically it allows for scientific influence.
  - - - Qur'an 7:54"He makes the night cover the day, pursuing it swiftly. He has created the sun and the moon and the stars, all made subservient by his command."
    - - Surah 21:31-34 "Do not the disbelievers realise that the heavens and earth were a solid mass, then we split them asunder, and we made from water every living thing?"
  - - - Guru Granth Sahib are a collection of Sikh scriptures that says that there are innumerable galaxies in the universe, each with many solar systems containing stars and planets which are all constantly moving
      - Both science and the Guru Granth Sahib are in agreement with this. This shows that there are areas in Sikhism that science and religion can work together.
      - Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, taught three fundamental principles:
        
        Kirat Karo - Work hard and honestly
        Wand Ke Chhako - Share what you have with the needy
        Naam Jappo - Always remember God throughout the day
      - The strengths of the metaphorical interpretation is that it is consistent with modern day science. So, to some extent science does compliment this Sikh view.
    - - The problem with the literal view of this is that it contradicts modern day science. It is what some Sikhs believe, that Waheguru created everything, although there is a lack of evidence for this - it is not verifiable and so is not the best possible explanation.
      - Some Sikhs look at this literally and that in turn leaves no room for science. They believe that Waheguru created the world and everything in it. They also believe that everything on the earth belongs to Waheguru and without him nothing would exist.
        
        Fact or opinion - contradicted. What extend does science contradict or complement? Best possible explanation? = answerable, consistent modern day science, verifiable
      - "Waheguru spoke once and there was creation."
  - - - Genesis 1:21 So God created the great creatures of the sea and every living thing with which the water teems and that moves about in it, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.
        
        The Theory of Evolution can be used as a inconsistency to the Christian creationist view point.
        
        Charles Darwin "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change."
        
        A weakness of Evolution is that it is just a theory and while it has been 'proven' by using the scientific method, other theories that have been 'proven' have gone on to be falsified.
        
        A theory that has been falsified that was previously believed is that the world was flat.
        
        A strength of Evolution is that it was 'proven' using the Scientific method which is a simple method that can be accessed by everyone.
      - Young Earth Christian Ken Ham: "It is difficult to understand how anyone can believe that the nervous system, particularly the brain, could have been produced by evolutionary randomness and selection. Its complexity, which far surpasses anything produced by man, is nothing short of a miracle."
        
        There is an inconsistency with this argument - Fossils . The fossil record shows the evolution of humans and animals.
        
        "Lucy" the fossil was a Australopithecus afarensis. Her fossil is an early human ancestor.
        
        A weakness of the fossil record is that there are gaps that cannot be explained without evidence. This could be useful to Young Earth Christians as some believe that fossils were placed as a "test" of their faith.
        
        Romer's gap is an example of an apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record used in the study of evolutionary biology. These gaps represent periods from which no relevant fossils have been found. Romer's gap spanned from approximately 360 to 345 million years ago, corresponding to the first 15 million years of the Carboniferous Period.
        
        A strength of using fossils is that they can be carbon dated and used to 'prove' the age and show the development of life on earth. This is a negative implication for Young Earth Christians as it could be seen as proving them wrong
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phZeE7Att_s
    - - John Polkinghorne: "Genesis is not there to give short, technical answers about how the universe began. It gives us the big answer that things exist because of God's will.One can perfectly well believe in the Big Bang, but believe in it as the will of God the creator."
        
        There is an inconsistency with this view point.. If a Christian interprets this section of the bible metaphorically, it can be hard to decide whether the rest of the bible should also be metaphoric or not.
        
        An example could be whether or not Jesus' miracles should be interpreted to be literal or not.Luke 4:40-41: "At sunset, the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness, and laying his hands on each one, he healed them. Moreover, demons came out of many people, shouting, "You are the Son of God!" But he rebuked them and would not allow them to speak, because they knew he was the Messiah."
        
        A weakness of this view is that
        
        A strength of this view is
- - - - Strength - It is a solution for both the universe and the existence of God.
        
        Richard Swinburne (1934~) is a Professor of Philosophy at Oxford:"A may be explained by B, and B might be explained by C, but in the end there will be some one on whom all other objects depend"
      - Criticism - How come God doesn't have a cause? God is not explained, instead he only postulates as an explanation. The argument only works for those who are satisfied that God himself requires no further explanation.
        
        David Hume (1711-1776) was a Scottish Philosopher and historian:"Aquinas is guilty of an "inductive leap" in logic which the premises do not lead to.
      - All things are moved by others, and that mover is moved by something else, too. You cannot have an infinite chain, therefore there must be an unmoved mover.
      - All things are caused and since nothing can be its own cause (since it is logically impossible), there must be a first cause (that is uncaused) on which all depends. The first cause is God.
      - Everything which we can point to is dependent upon factors beyond itself and thus is contingent. These factors demand an ultimate explanation in the form of a necessary being, depending on nothing outside itself. This being is God.
      - Strength - Contains use of a posteriori knowledge (drawn from things we can all experience. This has lasting appeal as it provides an opportunity for individual's questions to be answered.
      - Strength- The argument is simple and straight forward
      - Criticism - Why can't the Big Bang Theory be an explanation in itself?
  - - - Galileo was in fact Christian. He was the first person who looked into space with a telescope.
      - Religious cosmology revolves around he idea of a theistically created universe
      - It is borderline between science and philosophy
      - SIMILARITY: Almost all religions explain creation through God (called differently in every religion).
        
        CHRISTIANITY: Genesis 1:27 -"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them."
        
        ISLAM: Surah 7:55-59 -"I have created men, high and low, that they may worship Me. I desire no support from them, nor do I desire that they should feed Me. Surely, it is Allah who is the Great Sustainer, the Lord of Power, the Strong."
        
        HINDUISM:The Hymn of Creation -"Darkness there was: at first concealed in darkness this All was indiscriminated Chaos. All that existed then was void and formless: by the great power of Warmth was born that One."
        
        JUDAISM:Genesis 1:1 -"After creating the earth, the sky, the seas and plants, God made birds and fish on the fifth day and animals and humans on the sixth day.
        
        SIKHISM:"Only Waheguru existed until he decided to create the world Then Waheguru created everything by a single word."
    - - The Earth was created 4.5 billion years ago.
      - The Big Bang occurred 14 billion years ago.
        
        STRENGTH:
        
        WEAKNESS:
        
        The Big Bang theory is science's best explanation of how the universe was created. The theory asserts that our entire universe was created when a tiny, super-dense, super-hot mass exploded and began expanding very rapidly, eventually cooling and forming into the stars and galaxies with which we are familiar.
        
        One of the biggest proofs for the Big Bang is the cosmic microwave background ("The Big Bang Echo"). CMB is the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. It cannot be explained by anything else, therefore it is huge evidence to the Big Bang.
      - Life begin about 3.8 billion years ago.
      - "Before we understood science, it was natural to believe that God created the universe, but now science offers a more convincing explanation" -Stephen Hawking
      - “Einstein never accepted that the universe was governed by chance; his feelings were summed up in his famous statement “God does not play dice.” - Stephen Hawking
- - - - One implication of utilitarianism is that one’s intention in performing an act may include all of its foreseen consequences. The goodness of the intention then reflects the balance of the good and evil of these consequences, with no limits imposed upon it by the nature of the act itself—even if it be, say, the breaking of a promise or the execution of an innocent man.
      - Utilitarian theories, on the other hand, must answer the charge that ends do not justify the means. The problem arises in these theories because they tend to separate the achieved ends from the action by which these ends were produced
      - Utilitarianism is a theory that comes up with a method of working out what to do in a moral situation. This is called the GHP which says that any decision should be based on making the most amount of happiness for the highest amount of people.
    - - The teleological argument also known as the argument from design is an arguments for the existence of God. These arguments mainly attempt to identify various features of the world that are evidence of design and inferring God’s existence and the best explanation for these features.
        
        Strengths of this argument is that the argument does not rely on one fixed definition that we must accept is real.
        
        ‘Something causes in all other things their being, their goodness, perfections… and this is what we call God.’- Aquinas
        
        Weaknesses of this argument is that just because things in the world have designers, that doesn’t mean that the world itself has a designer.
        
        ‘There seems to be no more design in the variability of organic beings…than in the way the wind blows.’- Darwin
    - - In his analogy of the watch maker, William Paley claimed if you found a watch on the ground you would not assume its parts had come together by chance because it is too complicated. Therefore someone must have designed it or it would not work. William Paley describes the world like this, as earth is so complicated it must have been designed and that designer is God.
        
        Weakness of William Paleys theory is that the idea that the universe was designed is subjective. There are many observations in the natural world that can produce different theories that will account for the existence of the universe.
        
        Strengths of this argument is that the Teleological argument offers natural and revealed theology.
      - William Paley, Natural Theology "suppose I had found a watch upon the ground, and it should be inquired how the watch happened to be in that place; I should hardly think of the answer I had before given, that for anything I knew, the watch might have always been there. ... There must have existed, at some time, and at some place or other, an artificer or artificers, who formed [the watch] for the purpose which we find it actually to answer; who comprehended its construction, and designed its use. ... Every indication of contrivance, every manifestation of design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature; with the difference, on the side of nature, of being greater or more, and that in a degree which exceeds all computation."
      - William Paley was born in 1743 and died in 1805. He was an extremely influential christian philosopher who looked at trying to prove the existence of God. He did so with the Teleological argument and most notably his story about a watchmaker
  - - - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French scientist who developed an alternative theory of evolution at the beginning of the 19th century
        
        His theory involved two ideas...
        
        Any feature of an organism that is improved through use is passed to its offspring
        
        A characteristic which is used more and more by an organism becomes bigger and stronger and one that is not eventually disappears
        
        Neil DeGrasse Tyson (b.1958) - a strophysicist and science promoter who is recognized for his work bringing an understanding of science
        
        "While natural selection drives Darwinian evolution, the growth of human culture is largely Lamarckian: new generations of humans inherit the acquired discoveries of generations past, enabling cosmic insight to grow slowly, but without limit."
        
        Lamarck's theory cannot account for all the observations made about life on Earth. For instance, his theory implies that all organisms would gradually become complex, and simple organisms disappear
    - - Charles Darwin was an English naturalist. He studied variation in plants and animals during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century.
        
        Darwin's theory of evolution explains how life on Earth has changed and evolved over geological time. Scientists believe this is the reason why all living things on Earth exist today.
        
        Darwin's theory conflicted with religious views that God had made all the animals and plants on Earth.
        
        Evolution, denies that man even has a sinful nature or else suggests that we should not be faulted for our human nature because "that is just our nature." Thus evolution is inconsistent with the Christian belief that man is indeed fallen and in need of a savior
        
        Darwin did not have enough evidence at the time to convince many scientists, it took 50 years after Darwin’s theory was published to discover how inheritance and variation worked
        
        Darwin's theory can account for the continued presence of simple organisms
        
        Darwins theory can be broken down into several different ideas
        
        Life on earth developed over a very, very long period of time
        
        Life evolved from non living materials, and overtime genetic mutations which are passed on, accumulate and lead to change from one species into more complex
        
        Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design - “Things exist either because they have recently come into existence or because they have qualities that made them unlikely to be destroyed in the past."
        
        An implication of this for religious people is that God does not really seem involved in this theory as it seems that the world does not need a creator and that every living thing is just there, and part of evolution, it does not involve any creator.
        
        The Bible says that man was created as a special being—in the image of God, as opposed to the evolutionary view that has man is just another animal in the evolutionary process.
        
        (Genesis 1:26-27, 2:7)-"God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them"
        
        This contradicts with the Theory of Evolution because if the religious people read the Bible literally then they will believe God's word that Adam and Eve simply just appeared on the earth, this cancels out the theory of evolution which has the theory that humans had evolved over time.
        
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        Reading the bible literally can have several clashed with the Scientific Method, which has many strengths. Such as, it is grounded on empirical evidence,and nothing can be accepted until it is fully verified.
        
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        Science is impartial, which means that scientists stand from a neutral standpoint and everything they do has to be backed up with evidence and reasoning.
        
        However, there are also weaknesses to the Scientific Method, such as Science is not infallible. Humans make mistakes and scientists are human, which means senses can deceive some.
        
        Science is provisional, which means as new data becomes available new explanations can arise. This means that scientific knowledge is never set in stone.
        
        Evolution takes place through a process of natural selection
        
        This process is based on survival of the fittest- the most able survived into adulthood and has descendants because they are best adapted to the environment
        
        "Only the fittest will survive."
        Charles Darwin
        
        Charles Darwin- The Origins of Species-"One general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die.
- - - - Luke 1:37
        "For nothing will be impossible with God."
        
        If God has infinite power why is there still suffering in the world, doesn't he have the power to end world suffering
        
        Epicurus
        “Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. "
  - - - Psalm 139:4
        "Even before there is a word on my tongue, Behold, O LORD, You know it all"
        
        If God knows all, why doesn't he share this knowledge that could save lives like the cures to diseases
  - - - Proverbs 3:27-28
        "Do not withhold good from those to whom it is due, When it is in your power to do it. Do not say to your neighbor, "Go, and come back, And tomorrow I will give it," When you have it with you."
        
        If God is meant to be loving why does the theory of evolution have survival of the fittest because this would mean that god allows only the strong to survive
        
        Buddhism does not have any creator God, so the problem of evil or doesn't apply to it. It considers a benevolent creator god as false
  - - - Proverbs 15:3
        "textThe eyes of the LORD are in every place, Watching the evil and the good."
        
        If God is everywhere then why doesn't he stop suffering when he sees it