Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
OCR Gateway C1 (Monomers and Polymers (Polymers are formed when…
OCR Gateway C1
Monomers and Polymers
Polymers are formed when unsaturated monomers join together into a chain, called addition polymerisation.
-
Polymers have different properties, and can be used for different purposes
GORETEX is breathable but waterproof, so is useful, uses laminated PTFE etc
Carbon Chemistry
Fossil fuels
Limited supply, enviromental impact, political and enviromental problems, crude oil is at the core of most of these fuels.
-
Atmosphere changes, volcanoes gave carbon dioxide, then plants produced oxygen, then ozone allowed complex animals to evolve
-
Emuslifiers, Cooking and Chemical Change
Emulsifiers
Hydrophilic head - likes water, hydrophobic tail - hates water
Tail in oil, head in water, additionally they keep a oil droplet seperate from the others.
Additive, helps keep oils together with water in a emulsion.
Different foods are cooked for different reasons, digestion, remove poison, improved taste/texture etc.
-
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes/Alkenes
Alkanes are all saturated, with no double bonds, and have hydrogen and carbon atoms, in the formula C(n)H(2+2n)
Alkenes have a double bond between carbon atoms, so are unsaturated.
Bromine Water can be used to test, if it turns colorless an unsaturated alkene is present.
-
Fractional Distilation
Longer hydrocarbon chains have a higher boiling point, are less flamable, more viscous and less volatile.
Fractional Distillation involves the boiling of crude oil, then letting it cool as they rise, seperating them into the relevant fractions.
70+: Bitumen, ~40: Oil, ~20: Diesel, ~15: Kerosene, ~10: Naphtha, ~8: Petrol, ~3: LPG
Cracking
Using a catalyst, and a very high temperature, you can crack a hydrocarbon and you can get a shorter Alkane molecule, and a alkene molecule
-
Atoms, Molecules and Compounds
-
Chemical Equations
Word equations represent reactions using words, whereas symbol equations show the atomic equations. Symbol equations MUST BE BALANCED
Perfumes, Kinetic Theory and Forces between Particles
Perfume
Contains Esters, made by acid+alcohol with a side product of water
Perfumes need properties such as easily evaporating, not being toxic, and being unable to react or dissolve in water
Need testing before use, to make sure they are safe to be used.
Solids, liquids and Gases
Strong attraction between particles in a solid, medium in a liquid and littlle to no in a gas. Solids keep a shape, liquids fill the bottom of a container, and gases fill an entire container no matter what
Volatility (ease of evaporation) is key to smelling something, the more volatile it is the more we smell.
Solutions
-
Paints and Pigments
Colloids, mixture of really small particles dispersed in a liquid
Pigments give paints color, binding medium carrys pigment and holds it to the material, solvent thins paint
Oil paints have 2 stages of drying, solvent evaporates and then oil is oxidised. Emulsion just has evaporation
Thermochromic pigments change color based on tempurature, Phosphorescent pigments glow in the dark