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The Catholic Church (Complaints (Problems with Popes ((Impeached: Being…
The Catholic Church
Complaints
Problems with Popes
In 1417, a council agreed on a compromise candidate, kicked out the others, and reinstated the papacy in Rome. By this point, however, many people's faith in the pope's authority had diminished with the church as well.
From 1378-1417, two popes claimed leadership of the Church. This problem, known as the Papal Schism.
A successor to the papacy, Urban VI, once again ruled in Rome, but was 'impeached' because he was so moody.
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Indulgences
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An indulgence was a document that offered release from punishment due to sins, supposedly granted after a person's sins had been forgiven by a priest.
In its original form, an indulgence itself did not grant forgiveness of sin. Indulgences were first sold during the Crusades, as a way for those who did not go to fight themselves to support those who did.
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Clerical Corruption
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Many bishops held more than one office--offices that more often than not had been sold to the highest bidder.
Many of the clergy had become corrupt as noble families paid for bishoprics and then demanded that their interests be served.
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Temporal Power: The power of a bishop or cleric, and the Pope
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Changes
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Exploration
The explorations of Columbus, Magellan, and others forced Europeans to reexamine their place in this new, vast world that reached far beyond their original imaginings.
Europeans had believed themselves to be at the center of a small, compact world comprised of the three known continents (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the mysterious "Unknown."
The trade stimulated by these explorations meant increased wealth for many and led to the growth of cities and a new class of merchants.
Humanism
Scholars reached back to the works of Greek and Roman philosophers and writers and instigated a new cultural and intellectual movement known as humanism.
The philosophy of humanism was centered in the belief that the human intellect was a powerful force for change and improvement.
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Humanism: An outlook of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.