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BIOMECH - RUBBERS (The Properties of Rubbers ((1) low stiffness - Youngs…

- - - - (1) in wing hinges and apodermis of insects it stores and release energy to stop and re accelerate the wing
      - (2) stores energy in sound producing organs of cicadas
      - (3) Resilin padsstore energy for the jump of fleas and froghoppers
      - (4) allows large angular deflections in fold lines of insect wings and stig apparatus in bees
  - - - (1) acts as an energy store in swimming scallops
      - (2) in the scallop resiliance = 91% the ligament saving 30% of cost of swimming
      - (3) in sensile molluscs, resiliance is 70-80% much lower, which may be related to calcification or lower % of helix breakers
  - - - current model is a coiled coil with short rubbery stretches
    - - (1) in the ligamentum nuchae of ungulates an birds acts to hold up the head, while allowing large movemets
      - (2) in the blood vessels, its compliance acts as a way to reduce peak blood pressure, smooth flow and reduce the energy for pumping blood
      - (3) its low resilience and poor high-frequency performance may be the reason it's not used as a muscle antagonist for instance in bird flight
- - - - a= link legnth, N= number of links
  - - - p= polymer density
        R= boltzmann constant
        T=absolute temp
        M=molecule mass between links
- - - - Glycine
      - Serine
      - Proline
      - Asparagine
      - Aspartic Acid
    - - Lysine
      - Tyrosine
      - Threonine
      - Arginine
      - Cystine
      - Phanylalanine
    - - Valine
      - Glutamine
      - Isoleucine
      - Histadine
      - Alanine
      - Tryptophan
      - Methionine
      - Leucine
      - Glutamic acid