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Hominids (Earliest hominins (Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya), Sahelanthropus…

- - - - Taung Child
      - Mrs Ples
      - 3.5 - 2.0 mya “Southern Ape from Africa”
        Forwardly placed foramen magnum
        No projecting canine or diastema
        Larger brain case (about 450 – 550 cc) with a more rounded vault
        Less prognathic face & more strongly constructed
        Reflects differences in dentition
        Incisors and canines smaller than A. afarensis
        Molars larger: fairly big
        Shift from slicing (e.g. fruit) to crushing/grinding
        Very similar to A. afarensis postcranially
        Many adaptations still for aboreal behaviour
    - - 4.2 - 3.9 mya
        Teeth more primitive than later hominins
        Larger canines than later hominins
        Dental arcade U shaped
        Tibia thickened at both ends
        Result of the greater weight bearing in biped’s lower limb
        Arm bones - adaptations for life in trees
    - - 3.9 - 3.2 mya
        Possibly overlaps with anamensis
        Just over a metre tall
        Brain size like that of an adult chimp
        Bipedal before brain expansion
        Anatomy is mosaic of human & ape like features
        Extreme sexual dimorphism
        Cranial capacity small c 415cc
        Face prognathic (i.e. projecting forwards)
        Dental arcade U shaped with large front teeth (ape like)
        Arms longer relative to leg length but not used for walking
        Strongly muscled shoulders
        Curved phalanges on hand and feet
        Postcranial bipedal adaptations
        Pelvis - short iliac blades that curve around the side
        Femur angled in towards knee
        Tibia modified to bear more weight
        Laetoli Footprints, Tanzania 3.5 may -> big toe aligned with others
      - Lucy
    - - 3.5 - 3.0 mya
    - - 2.5 mya
        Small brain (c450cc) & very prognathic face
        Postcranial material near by – Australopithecus garhi?
        Long femur (like humans) & long arms (like apes)
        Found with tools and evidence of large mammal butchery
        Ancestral to Homo?
    - - 1.95 – 1.78 mya
        Habitually bipedal
        E.g. features of knee, hip and ankle
        Descended from Australopithecus africanus
        Ancestral to Homo?
        Australopithecine characteristics:-
        Small cranial capacity, c 400cc
        Small body size
        Long arms
        Homo characteristics:-
        Features of the pelvis
        Teeth similar in size to Homo
        Small postcanine dentition
  - - - 2.3 – 1.2 mya
        Cheek teeth massive, front teeth small and crowded
        Brain 500cc
        Face flat and deep - facial buttressing
        Flaring cheekbones
      - Zinj
    - - 2.0 – 1.5 mya
        Brain size c500 – 550cc
        Heavily built face & jaws
        Small anterior teeth
        Different to Paranthropus boisei
        Massive cheek teeth but not as big as P. boisei
        Shape of nasals
        Brow ridge
        Presence of bony pillars next to the nose
    - - 2.7 - 2.5 mya
        Huge molars and also large anterior teeth
        Very prognathic, dished face, flared zygomatics
        Small brain – c400cc
        Prominent sagittal crest
        Earlier than both P. boisei and P. robustus
        Is it ancestral to both P. boisei and P. robustus?
        BUT - shares some distinctive features with only P. boisei
        Is it ancestral to P. boisei only?
      - Black Skull