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Police Knowledge Revised: Insights From The Policing Of The Civil Rights…

- - - - Derry/Londonderry
- - - - Unionist Party ran government for 50 years, excluding the nationalists from voting and political power. Most political decision-making happened at the local level.
    - - Policing reforms
      - Marches and rallies
      - Sit-ins and civil disobedience
- - - - Collective movements are not a part of the institutional level
        
        Collective actors employ protests which can occasionally become violent
        
        When violence occurs, police are responsible for maintaining public order while ensuring each citizen's right to protest
        
        Police ability to maintain public order in instances of protesting is a strong test for a state's democratic standards
    - - Moved from "madding crowd" towards a socio-contextual understanding of crowd behavior and public disorder
        
        Waddington's flashpoints model which identifies 6 determinants of public disorder
        
        Structural, political/ideological, cultural, contextual, situational, and interactional
        
        These determinants can set off a fire of public disorder
      - Social movement scholars moved from the view that emphasizes the repressive role of police to emphasizing the role of police as a target, sponsor, and antagonist for social movements
        
        Research shows that police have become significantly less repressive within the last 40 years
    - - Model created by Della Porta and Reiter that captures variation of policing styles in Western democracies
        
        Influenced by stable structure of opportunities determined by police and political and police cultures and styles vary according to more contingent aspects of POS regarding configurations of power and debate on protest policing
        
        Influence of these structures would filter through the variable of police knowledge
      - Meyer and Minkoff suggest that the theoretical framework of POS needs to be accompanied with sociological mechanisms
        
        Most research fails to demonstrate how political opportunities work
        
        This point of view is helpful in determining police responses to protests
      - De Fazio suggests the relation between POS and police knowledge is static
        
        Police knowledge is significant in explaining protest policing styles, however it has to be accompanied with assessment of internactional level mechanisms
  - - - RIC
        
        Since its founding, its role was to subdue rebellion.
        
        Reflected in structural organization: massive size, centralized command, and militarized outlook
      - RUC
        
        Embodied a divided society model
        
        Police in Northern Ireland had a counterinsurgency responsibility where they committed to maintain public order, combat sectarian, inter-communal violence, and protect state from opponents
        
        RUC had harsh response to CRM mobilization
        
        Ban of peaceful marches, harsh police violence, hostile reaction to Civil Rights campaign, etc
        
        British Army was deployed and peacekeeping forces were put into place because of extreme force used by police
- - - - Smaller concern with image in media. But "media failure" is due to lack of police accountability of the RUC.
- - - - Scarman Tribunal gathered much evidence that has barely been used
        
        Every person who gave a testimony before the Tribunal was granted immunities and privileges of a witness before High Court
  - - - Criteria produced 16 testimonies (40% of all interrogated officers in Londonderry)
        
        Analysis suggests that relatively consistent and coherent patterns emerge: shared attitudes, perceptions, and images among police officers as well as repeating organization of police-protester relations
- - - - Classified protesters as bad and framed distinction as responsible v. hooligan
  - - - RUC encouraged violent practices against peaceful protesters
        
        The Special Powers Act guaranteed police officers a virtual impunity when on duty
        
        RUC determined itself the ultimate defender of the state from challengers
        
        RUC was a distinctively repressive police force during Civil Rights protests which was similar to the US at that time