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Intro to Microbiology (Part 2) (Elemental Cycling (Nitrogen) (nitrogen…
Intro to Microbiology (Part 2)
Elemental Cycling (Nitrogen)
nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen into ammonium which can be used by plants
can be converted from nitrogen in the air, in the soild (Azotobacter spp.) or from organic material (Bacillus spp.)
ammonium can also be converted to nitrate for plants that don't use ammonium (Nitrosomonas spp. Nitrobacter spp.)
nitrate is converted back into nitrogen to complete the cycle (Pseudomonas spp. Clostridium spp.)
Rhizobium spp: found on the root of plants to convert its nitrogen
Food Production
Yogurt
fermenting bacteria make lactic acid which gives texture to yogurt (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus)
pasteurization occurs, doesn't eliminate all microorganism
Beer
Saccharomyces spp: ferments barley and produces ethanol
Bread
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: produces CO2 which causes bread to rise
Other alcoholic beverages
Above 20% ABV (40 proof) distilling is used; evaporate alcohol to separate from water and cool it; also produces methanol which causes blindness
Cheese
microorganisms ferment milk to make curds and whey (Lactobacillus spp, Lactococcus spp, Leuconostoc spp, Pediococcus spp, Streptococcus spp)
Penicillum spp: ripens cheese
Biodegradation
many microorganism (mold, bacteria protozoa) are important for natural decomposition and used in artificial raw sewage treatment
heavy particles sink to bottom; lipids rise to top; H2O in the middle
organic particles are degraded by microbes
water is sterilized
Biotechnology
GMO's: DNA is inserted into bacteria which enters the plant
making proteins (insulin for diabetics); E. coli and S. cerevisiae
Streptomyces is used a lot to make antibiotics
Microbial Pathogens
type of pathogen
kingdom
extracellular: outside of cell
intracellular: live inside of immune cell
pathogenic: always cause disease
opportunistic: only cause disease in specific conditions
how is it causing damage
infection: directly destroy
intoxicant: produce toxins
location in body: helpful in some locations and harmful in others
treatment
antibiotics: stop pathogen
symptomatic treatment: stop symptoms temporarily