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meta ethics (naturalism (1. ethical terms are definable in non-ethical…
meta ethics
naturalism
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- criticism - G.E.Moore - not possible to derive what's good from what's pleasurable > naturalistic fallacy
- criticism - David Hume - statement that forms conclusion as to what 'ought' to be, must be based on a premise that includes an 'ought'
- criticism - David Wiggins - can't see the whole world in scientific terms + can't reduce whole of reality into observable things (eg. hope?)
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if we equate 'good' with a natural term, the Q about whether it really is good still remains open - is pleasure really good?
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non-naturalism = moral judgements + statements aren't reducible to non-moral features (can't define them in natural terms)
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emotivism
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when we pass judgements, we are expressing our emotions + trying to encourage others to feel the same
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like subjectivism, it teaches there are no objective moral facts
pays close attention to the ways in which people use language + expresses the attitude a person takes on a particular issue
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if expressing moral judgements = no more than expressing one's opinion > no useful basis for arguing about moral judgements
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intuitionism
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G.E. Moore supports - used the idea of yellow. we can't describe yellow, but we can point to things that are yellow
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- criticism - there isn't a process of moral intuitionism (if everyone had same intuition, people would all come to the same conclusions)
- moral truths + moral intuition doesn't exist
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- W.D Ross - can't derive an 'ought' from an 'is' - duty is self-evident
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absolutism
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- Kant's deontological moral theory (see mind map)
- virtue ethics - Aristotle (basis of roman catholic morality)
- Plato believed goodness itself really exists beyond this world
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non-cognitivism
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'murder is bad' doesn't mean independent concept of badness, instead expressing feeling + opinion of murder that could be felt differently amongst individuals
right + wrong don't actually exist, but they are matters of personal choice
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