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Recent Developments in Cognitive Theory (Narrative Approach (From theβ¦
Recent Developments in Cognitive Theory
Narrative Approach
From the Pennebaker study (1997), students who narratively confronted traumatic experiences, found that there was a therapeutic effect.
1. Elaborating a Career Problem
π₯ clarify issue, gap between ideal and actual, can use vocational card slot, anecdotes.
2. Composing a Life History
π· Info on clients ability, value, interests (AVI), how they select & organise life stories
3. Elicit a Future Narrative
π₯ new beginning; evaluate clients' AVI in the future; guided fantasty, life line
4. Reality Construction
πΈ Talking about active exploration and immersion - real action in real world
5. Changing a Life Structure
πΉ client to expect some types of change of oneself, situation or both; personal theme
6. Enacting a Role
πΎ acting towards achieving one's desired goals - exposure to discover possibilities
7. Crystallizing a Decision
π» gap in episode 1 diminishes - sees issues in perspective; address obstacles; accepts changes and challenges to actualize opportunities
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Constructivist Approach
Constructivism
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π focus on how individuals think and learn as they participate in events and relationships in their environment
π personal constructs : to make sense of these environmental interactions, individuals develop their own views
π Counsellors should focus on helping individuals identify & understand their unique personal constructs as a precursor for intervention stages
Career Construction Theory
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Professor of Behavioural Psychology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
"Careers do not unfold, they are constructed as individuals make choices that express their self-concepts and substantiate their goals in the social reality of life." (Savickas, 2005)
"In planning our careers, time perspective enables us to walk backwards into tour future."
CCT in Career Counselling
Focus on careers not as lifetime employment but as a way of providing meaning to individuals, to help clients draw meaning from their own lives
base
theories
J. Holland's Personality Theory (RIASEC)
π§ Useful in describing individuals' unique, socially constructed attitudes & interests.
π¨ Helps to connect the individuals' vocational personality to the world of work (environment)
π¦ Focus clients' narratives & how they have constructed themselves and built their careers.
Donald Super's Life Stage Theory (GEEMD)
π Individuals adapt to changes as they grow older, from school to jobs and eventually toward retirement
π Career adaptibility - concerned about how individuals construct and manage their careers
Main focus of Savickas = Process of Adapting
βοΈ Used as a psychosocial concept whenever individual makes an occupational transition not just school-to work (throughout life cycle) π΅
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π π¬ During counselling, counsellors must stay aware of their own construction of reality in relation to the clients' significant constructs, and ensure that the focus is on the stories that clients tell.
πΏ π© Savickas' helpful tip : counsellors to continuously ask clients to comment / feedback on the latter's understanding and story summaries
Chaos Theory
Trait factor approach does not account for the complex, dynamic nature of people who have to deal with an ever-changing world.
Based on the Chaos Theory (pioneered by Dr Edward Lorenz), and relevant as a basis for helping clients cope with complexity, chance and change.
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Expecting career counsellors and clients to discover "the answer" for a lifetime, may not be reasonable.
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