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PP continued... (Bradford Hill criteria
Establish causal relationship…
PP continued...
Bradford Hill criteria
- Establish causal relationship
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Response relationship
Exposure to cause changes, does effect follow suit?
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Reversibility
If cause removed, effect go away?
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Specificity
single cause, specific effect
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Wilson-Junger
- Applied before potential popn screening programme
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Aggred policy, who is case and gets treatment?
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Equity
Fairness, people treated regard to their needs
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Definitions
Pandemic
An epidemic that crosses international boundaries, affects large number people worldwide
Cohort effect
- Variation in health and disease for different generations
- Exposure of different risk factors
- Environmental and societal change
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Odds ratio
- Product of case control
- Odds of event occurring in one group compared to odds of another
- (smokers over non-smokers, not total)
- (>1), association between risk factor and event
- (<1), may be protective against event
- (=1), risk factor makes no difference
P values
Statistical significance:
- effect is not due to chance alone
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Black report
(1980)
-Inequalities in health
Reasons:
- Natural/social selection: poor health = poor people
- Cultural/behavior :poor people = poor health
- Structural: economicas and structural factors
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