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PP continued*2 (Birth rates (Perinatal mortality rate (PMR:
Important…
PP continued*2
Birth rates
- Infant: <1 after live birth
- 1/52 <late neonatal< 28/365
- 28/365 <post neonatal< 1Y
Crude birth rate
- Most common measure fertility
- ((Numb life-births, specific area, calendar year)/
(average/mid-yer popn for same area and year))
*1000
- Not in account: only women of child bearing age are fertile
General fertility rate
- ((Numb of live births to residents, specific area and year)
/ (mid-year popn 15-44 same area + year)) *1000
-
Perinatal mortality rate
PMR:
- Important health status indicator: number of late/fetal/early infant deaths (considered to be preventable)
- ((Fetal deaths (24 weeks + gestation) + (postnatal deaths (1wk)) /
- ((Fetal deaths (24 weeks + gestation) + live births))
-
-
-
Suitable test/exam
- False +ive: identified as having disease, but further tests: DON'T
- True +ive: Identified as having disease and further tests: DO
- False -ive
Identified don't have disease and further tests: DO
- True -ive:
Identified as don't have disease, further tests: DON'T
- Sensitivity: (True +ves)/ (True +ives + False -ves): EVERYONE THAT HAS DISEASE
ACCURACY
- Specficity: (True -ves)/ (True -ves + False +ves)
EVERYONE THAT DOESN'T HAVE DISEASE
ACCURACY
- PPV: Chance, you test +ve, that you have disease
- NPV: Chance, you test -ve, that you don't have disease
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-
Standardisation
Removing confounders, allow comparison between two incomparable popns
Direct and Indirect
-
Indirect:
- Standardised mortality ratio:SMR
- Ratio, number of deaths observed in study popn to the number that would be expected if study popn had same specific rate as standard popn
- %: indicate difference between groups
SMR = 100:
- same mortality rate of standard
SMR <100:
- lower mortality rate than standard
SMR >100:
- Higher mortality rate than standard
SMR = 180:
- 80% higher mortality rate than standard
Communicable diseases
- Certain infectious diseases reported by law: public health act
- Consultant in communicable disease control
- identify source, prevent further dissemination