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Linguistic approach (Functional approaches
Functional models of analysis…
Linguistic approach
Functional approaches
Functional models of analysis date back to the early twentieth century,
and have their roots in the Prague School of linguistics that originated in
Eastern Europe. They differ from structuralist and early generative models
Systemic Linguistics
Systemic Linguistics has been developed by M. A. K. Halliday, beginning in
the late 1950s. This is a model for analyzing language in terms of the interrelated systems of choices that are available for expressing meaning. Basic to the approach is the notion, ultimately derived from the anthropologist Malinowski, that language structures cannot be idealized and studied without taking into account the circumstances of their use, including the extralinguistic social context.
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Function-to-form mapping
Acquisition of both L1 and L2 involves a process of grammaticalization in
which a grammatical function (such as the expression of past time) is
first conveyed by shared extralinguistic knowledge and inferencing based
on the context of discourse, then by a lexical word (such as yesterday), and
only later by a grammatical marker (such as the suffix -ed).
Information Organization
refers to a functional approach which focuses on utterance structure, or “the way in which learners put their words together”
3) Universal Grammar
Final state
•All learners may not have the same degree of access to UG.
• Different relationships between various L1s and L2s may result in
differential transfer or interference.
•Some learners may receive qualitatively different L2 input from others.
•Some learners may be more perceptive than others of mismatches
between L2 input and existing L1 parameter settings.
• Different degrees of specification for lexical features may be achieved
by different learners.
Initial state
learners already have knowledge of L1 at the point where L2 acquisition
begins (all of the parametric choices that are
appropriate for that L1)>>Some L1 knowledge is clearly transferred
to L2. When L1 and L2 parameter settings for the same principle are the
same, positive transfer from L1 to L2 is likely; when L1 and L2 parameter
settings are different, negative transfer or interference might occur
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