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Chapter 3: The Use of Living Organisms In Research (Nazi Human…
Chapter 3: The Use of Living Organisms In Research
Experimentation
Human subjects in research
Nazi Human Experimentation
Nuremberg Code
The Belmont Report
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Animal subjects in research
3R Principle
Replacement
Reduction
Refinement
Animal Welfare Act (1966)
To ensure animals used are provided humane car and treatment
People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
Emphasizes on animal rights
Nazi Human Experimentation
When and Where
1940s Europe, Mainly Germany
Objective
To support political believes and nationality power (gain authority and power)
To support Nazi racial program
To attain high ranking medical officers
Experiments
Medico-military research
Eg : Freezing chamber, drug testing
Racially motivated research
Eg : Artificial Insemination, twin studies
Miscellaneous research
Eg: Recreating war time wounds, watching victims bleed
Ethical issues
Inhumane methodology of research
Voluntary consent was not aqquired
Physicians were unqualified and politically biased
No proper methods in experimentation
Validity of data
Data was falsified , not replicable
Publication of data disrespects victim's rights
Data acquired would be different if conducted on healthy people
Outcome of Human Research
Nuremburg Code (1947)
Set of research ethics principles for human experimentation after World War II due to the Nuremburg trials
Belmont Report (1979)
Summarization of ethical principles and guidelines for human subject resarch
3 Principles
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice
Tuskegee Syphylis Study
When & Where
1932 - 1972, Tuskegee, Alabama
Objective
To study the effect of untreated syphilis, to develop a treatment for syphilis
Methods
infecting patients with intention; blood sampling
Ethical issues
Informed consent was not given
Penicillin was not given to victims
Organ Transplantation & Donation
Rise in Demand of Organs
Buying & Selling of Organs
Unethical Organ trading
Murders, Scams, Organ trafficking
Ethical issues
Third world country
Misinformed donors
No informed consent