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Skeletal (Types of bone (Long bones (Epiphysis, Diaphysis), Short bones,…
Skeletal
Types of bone
Long bones
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bone
Sesamoid
Axial skeleton
Skull
• Sinuses
• Fontanelles
Inner ear ossicles
Throat hyoid bone
Thoracic cage
• Sternum
• Ribs (12 pairs)
Vertebral column
24 Intervertebral discs
• Cervical 7
• Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
Bone cells
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Appendicular skeleton
Arms & hands
• Humerus
• Ulna
• Radius
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Pelvic girdle
• Hip bones
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
Legs & feet
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Patella
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Shoulder girdle
• Clavicle
• Scapula
Joints
Synovial joints
• Ball & socket
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Planar/Gliding
• Ellipsoid
• Saddle
Origin/Insertion points
Bursae
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
Periosteum
Inner osteogenic layer
Outer fibrous layer
Bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Bone growth
Interstitial growth (elongation)
Epiphyseal plate
Zone 1 - Resting cartilage
Zone 2 - Proliferation cartilage
Zone 3 - Hypertrophic cartilage
Zone 4 - Calcified cartilage
Zone 5 - Zone of ossification
Appositional growth (thickness)
Bone hormones
Parathyroid hormone
• Increases blood calcium
• Increases osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
• Decreases blood calcium
• Decreases osteoclast activity
Bone marrow
Red
Yellow
Compact bone
Osteon
• Central/Haversian canal
• Lamellae
• Lacunae
• Canaliculi
Spongy bone
Trabeculae
Fractures repair
1 - Haematoma
2 - Fibrocartillaginous callus formation
3 - Bony callus formation
4 - Bone remodelling
Subluxation/Dislocation
Sprains