a. Gaining information through reconnaissance in force activities.

b. Depriving the adversary of resources.

c. Pre-empting the adversary in order to gain the initiative.

d. Disrupting the adversary’s offensive action and other activities such as command and control (C2) systems (through offensive information operations).

e. Dislocating the adversary’s forces through decisive engagement or deception.

f. Seizure of ground.

g. Fixing the adversary as an economy of force activity.
h. Influencing or changing the perceptions of commanders and other, possibly neutral or hostile, target audiences. This may be done through physical or intellectual activities.

a. Info gathering – broad knowledge of interrelated systems influencing the battlespace

b. Simplicity

c. Shock Action – fire sp is essential

d. Depth – allows Comd to maintain constant pressure of en

e. Balance – commander can concentrate cbt power to take advantage of sudden opportunity.

(1) Covering force can cover the frontage of the A of I
(2) Leading tac elms have suitable force mix to deal with likely opposition
(3) FOOs and FACs are well fwd to provide continuous fire sp
(4) Requriements for eng sp are anticipated and eng recce elms well fwd
(5) Reserves are constituted, maintained, and deployed beyond range of en arty.

f. Reserves – influence battle, exploit success, or react to en CMOVEs

Control Measures

(1) General
(2) Battlespace Management including Airspace control measures
(3) Assault line
(4) Assembly Area and Approach Rtes
(5) Attack Position
(6) Axes and Rtes
(7) Boundaries
(8) Consolidation
(9) Fire Base
(10) Killing Zone
(11) Limit of Exploitation
(12) Line of Departure
(13) Objectives
(14) Objective Area

a. Fire Support
b. Artillery
(1)Preparatory Fire
(a) Neutralize or detroy en arty
(b) mask en posn
(c) suppress en AD
(d) illum
(2) Covering Fire
(a) Isolate the close battle
(b) neutralize the en at the pt of breaking in
(c) give fire sp to cbt elms as they fight through en depth
(d) destruction of en armour
(e) be on call during consolidation
(3) Defensive Fire
(a) neutralize threats from flanks
(b) engage en CATK forces
(c) block through use of scatter able mines
c. Naval Gunfire Tasks
d. Air
(1) Air int surveillance and recce ops
(2) Counter air ops
(3) Air interdiction
(4) Close Air Sp (CAS)
e. Aviation
(1) C2 msns
(2) recce and surveillance of flanks and gaps
(3) log sp incl CASEVAC
(4) insert and extract of patrols and observation detachments
(5) fire sp from armed and attack aviation (Close Cbt Atk – CCA)
f. Air Defence
g. Engineers
(1) Breaching or opening minefields
(2) Mark and breach en minefield
(3) means of crossing wet and dry gaps and other obs
(4) secure flanks via mines, demolitions, and other obstacles
(5) prep and maintain rtes for fol up echs
(6) sp the consolidation on obj with construction of field fortifications, mines, and obstacles.
h. EW
(1) detection, location, and disruption of en STA systems – en counter battery and counter mortar radar
(2) detection and loc of en reserve and CATK elms
(3) electronic isolation of selected en elms by disrupting their comms with flank units and higher comd
(4) detection and loc of en elec ctr measures so as to be eliminated by physical atk
(5) deception, either alone or in conjunction with feints or demonstrations.

Encircled Force
Purpose of defending an encircled force
Retain ground
Draw away adversary forces as part of a larger manoeuvre
Preserve the combat power of forces unable to breakout or exfiltrate

Obstacle Control Measures.
Zones - used by corps and division comds to delegate emplacement authority
Belts - used by brigades and and brigade group comds to constrain employment
Groups - one or more individual obstacles grouped to provide a specific effect

EW Plan
The primary function of EW in defensive operations is to continue gathering information on the enemy and to update intelligence databases. ES resources therefore concentrate on the provision of vital information on the enemy's:
leading elements;
grouping, location and axes of advance of the main body;
activity of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) delivery and air defence systems, and engineer resources; and
location and manoeuvre of forces in depth.

The EW plan should include:
Critical PIRs and IRs
Required capabilities
Target priorities (identification & attack)
Timelines for EWSUM
EW support to deception, fire support, ISTAR, SEAD planning

Principles of War in Stability Ops
Cooperation
Security
Selection/maint of aim
Economy of effort

DDR
Disarmament is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons from combatants and often from the civilian population.

Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces and groups, including a phase of “reinsertion” which provides short-term assistance to ex-combatants.

Reintegration is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income. It is a political, social and economic process with an open time-frame, primarily taking place in communities at the local level.

Security Sector Reform
Judiciary
Impartial and accountable legal system
Capable of dealing with past abuses
Fair laws
Humane Corrections systems
Mechanisms for resolving grievances arising from conflict
Police Forces
Effective Law enforcement
Unbiased Police services
Supporting rule of law
Armed Forces
Reforming/developing capabilities
Education and Training
Promote democratic efforts and civil-military affairs
Competent and sustainable force that supports national interests

Limitations
Air superiority required;
Inability of aircraft to reach their destination;
Weather (winds);
Need for intelligence on AO;
Risk heavy losses from enemy air defences, ground fire, and landing injuries; and
Require special training and special equipment.

Types of Ops
Seize and Hold Operations
involves an airborne assault to seize and hold objectives
Followed by a linkup with other forces or until a planned withdrawal.

Area Interdiction Operation
aimed at denying or hindering operations in a specific area.
Urban areas, terrain which is heavily wooded, hilly, rivers or other obstacles which hinder the enemy’s mobility

Airborne Raid
characterized by boldness of concept and execution and by its short duration
conducted to destroy enemy installations, capture or kill enemy personnel, rescue friendly personnel, or to harass or disrupt enemy operations.
usually limited in size because of control and logistic considerations such as extraction

Airborne Control Measures

the allocation of DZs (primary, alternate and pathfinder);
DZ rendezvous (RVs);
axes of advance;
report lines;
boundaries between units or sub-units;
objectives;
limits of exploitation;
FSCMs
link-up point(s), for the link-up or withdrawal;
phase of the operation;
key timings such as NOT BEFORE, NOT LATER THAN, or BY a certain time; and
extraction points, if troops are to be extracted by air or by sea.

Jungle Defensive Operations

Limitations.

• Density of terrain absorbs manpower;
• Limited visibility;
• Short field of fire;
• Lack of visual communication between defensive elements;
• High ground does not typically offer better observation or fields of fire;
• Surface LOCs are highly vulnerable;
  
  

Advantages.

• Natural concealment;
• Defender will typically have knowledge of the area;
• Defender can remain quiet and undetected while the attacker makes noise
• Jungle is a natural obstacle;
  

Planning Considerations

Distances and open ground are ideal for manoeuvre
Armoured and mechanized forces are best suited for this environment
Airmobile and air-landed forces can provide quick reinforcement
Very large areas likely to stretch LOCs
Long fields of fire and observation
Artillery must be concentrated to have effects
Reserves must be highly mobile
Engr requirements will be large for defensive stores
ISTAR Capabilities increased