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Chapter 22 (Realism & Science (Impacts (Materialism (truth is found by…

- - - - Germ theory of disease
      - heat could destroy bacteria= pasteurization
      - work lead to vaccinations
    - - certain bacteria responsible for certain diseases
      - discovers tuberculosis bacteria
    - - classification of elements by atomic weights
    - - electromagnetic induction
        
        generator
    - - sterilized surgery
    - - Evolution
        
        Animals evolved over time as a result of their enviroment
        
        those who survived better in an environment lived to reproduce
        
        natural selection
        
        organic evolution: change over long period of time
        
        result of struggle and lack of resources
      - "The Origin of Species"
        
        explains evolution
      - "The Descent of Man
        
        applied theory to humans
        
        implied humans came from animals
  - - - scientific method = truth to finding reality
    - - truth is found by material world (5 senses) not intuition
      - everything mental and spiritual is a result of physical forces
  - - - Gustave Flaubert
        
        Madame Bovary
        
        describes miserable small town life
        
        woman tries to find love because of romanticism
        
        can't find love, so kills herself
      - William Thackeray
        
        Vanity Fair
      - Charles Dickens
        
        Oliver Twist
        
        Hard Times
        
        A tale of two cities
      - Fyodor Dostoyevsky
        
        crime and punishment
- - - - Universal Male Suffrage
      - Plebiscite (legislature)
      - Foreign Policy
        
        Helped with the Civil War in Mexico
        
        for trade /markets
        
        Places Archduke Maximilian on Mexican Throne
        
        Austrian
        
        American threats lead them to withdraw
        
        left Maximilian without an army, overthrown and killed
  - - - Avoid overthrow from people reacting against authoritarian regime
      - trade unions
      - more legistlature
      - less press censorship
      - free trade with Britain
- - - - emancipates serfdom
      - industrializes
      - state church
      - church control of education
      - Reichstrat (1851)
        
        attempts legislative body to give minorities a voice
        
        Ended in failure
    - - Problems with war and other groups
      - Ausleich creates austrian-hungarian empire
      - Each had it's own
        
        legislature
        
        consititution
        
        capital city
      - Shared
        
        monarchy
        
        army
        
        foreign policy
  - - - conservative autocrat
      - realized serfdom was holding russia back
        
        emancipates serfdom 1861
        
        avoid overthrow
        
        create more abilities for industrialization
        
        Ends up not helping
        
        hungry, starved peasants
      - failures of crimean war #
      - Assasinated by radical group (people's will) opposed to reforms
    - - local/regional assemblies for self-government
      - provide eduation
      - famine relief
      - infrastructure maintenance
      - levy taxes
    - - Slavophiles v. westerners
  - - - Benjamin Disraeli (conservative/tory)
        
        reform act doubled voting population
      - William Gladstone (liberal whig)
        
        created secret ballots and civil service based on merit
- - - - PHD in philosophy
      - editor of liberal newspaper
      - Wrote "Communist Manifesto"
        
        one of the most influential written works in modern history
        
        didn't have time to spread in his lifetime
        
        Influenced
        
        sociology
        
        all working-class movements
        
        socialist political parties
      - influences
        
        hegelian dialectic
        
        british industrialism
        
        french revolution
    - - son of wealthy factory owner
        
        worked in father's factory
      - "The Conditions of The Working Class in England"
        
        highlighted inequalities in capitalism
  - - - people lose their individuality when they can't connect to their work
    - - products should be equal to labor costs
      - profit= exploitation, because the factory workers are selling the goods back to the workers for more than the workers earned to make the product
    - - Everything comes from the material world and is changed from one form to the next
    - - all of history is a struggle between the powerful and the powerless classes.
    - - utopian socialism unrealistic
      - rule of working class would come from planning and violent revolution
- - - - Carbonari were revolutionary unification groups
      - Mazzini was a Italian nationalist who spurred the unification movement with "young italy"
    - - Austria
        
        Ruled Northern Italy
      - Pope
        
        Would lose power from secular ruler
      - Bourbons
        
        Ruled Southern Italy
      - Economic underdevelopment/Debt
      - Government Corruption
      - Cultural differences after having been separated so long
    - - King Victor Emmanuel II
        
        elects Cavour to be Prime Minister
        
        conservative
        
        Realpolitik
        
        based on power and security over morals or ethics
        
        liberal reforms
        
        modernization of infrastructure
        
        free trade
      - Treaty of Plombieres
        
        Nap III agrees to help Italy unify against Austria
        
        War with Austria, Italy and France
        
        French/ Piedmont (Italian) victories until July
        
        French secretly sign peace treaty with Austria
    - - War w/ Austria
      - Giuseppe Garibaldi/Red Shirts
        
        Lead invasion of Sicily
        
        Ends Kingdom of Two Sicilies
        
        Meets with Victor Emannuell II and unites two kingdoms
        
        March 17, 1861
  - - - free trade union of prussia and germany (1834)
    - - Modernized army
      - Railroads
      - Names Otto Von Bismark Prime Minister
        
        Realpolitik
        
        Passed his own taxes rejected by reichstag
        
        Seven weeks war
        
        Prussia defeats Austria
        
        Austria loses German lands
        
        North German Confederation
        
        Indemnity Bill of 1866
        
        legally recognizes bismark's taxes
        
        Franco-Prussian war
        
        Empty Spanish throne offered to Hohenzollen (germans)
        
        French demand Prussian apology
        
        Bismark edits dispatch to look like prussia is insulting france
        
        leads to war: prussian win by september 1870
        
        2 more items...
    - - Prussia and Germany defeat Denmark, gain land
- - - - hungary
      - transylvania
      - croatia
      - slovania
    - - Great britain didn't want Russia to gain access to mediterranian
        
        lose power in trade
        
        England declared war on russia
        
        Florence Nightingale prevented British deaths by insisting on strict sanitary conditions
      - Russians demanded the right to protect christian shrines in palestine
        
        angered french, who thought themselves to be the protectors of christian ottomans
        
        France declared war on russia Crimean War Start
      - Thought it could depend on austria for backup
        
        russians saved austrian government
        
        when austria stayed neutral, lost ties to main powers
      - Russia lost the Crimean War
        
        austria and russia became enemies
        
        Withdrew from European Affairs
        
        Lost Land
        
        Bessarabia
        
        MOldavia
        
        Wakachia
        
        Alexander II asked for peace
        
        After Russian Loss at Crimean Peninsula
        
        Treaty of Paris of 1856