Reading Response 4 📝
Chapter 5 - American Higher Education✏
Shaping the Modern University
Higher Education in the Early National Period
Women's Higher Education 📚
Personal Reflection 👤I am glad that women such as Mary Lyon were able to stand up to society and express their view points. Otherwise, I would not be completing this assignment on the collegiate level.
According to our 📖 Mary Lyon was a leader in women's higher education. The following points were made by her:
1) Women should have the same opportunity for a general collegiate education in the liberal arts and sciences that men enjoyed
2) Those who benefited from a higher education, both women and men, should be committed to serving and improving society
3) Women from poorer families should have the same education opportunities as those from wealthier ones (Gutek, 2013, p. 171)
Colonial Colleges
👥Various influences have shaped and sculpted what we consider universities and colleges in the modern day era. However, without these influences, our atmosphere and society would not be as it is today.
Land-Grant Institutions
Junior Community Colleges
Student Activism in the 1960's
Higher Education in the Early Twenty-First Century
📙 Chapter 6 - American Teacher Education
Developments since the 1950's
Point 1-4 on page 225 seem almost identical to what a teacher program is now! 📙
Educational Technology 💻
👥Technological advancements in education have completely changed this profession. Computers, projectors, tablets, and other electronics grace almost every classroom in America. Although I do not like to be entirely dependent on this, educators agree that technology provides an extension of learning. However, I also think a teacher should rely on his or her own imagination as well. A prime example of this follows: My friend in the content section of the teacher education program here at TTU was scheduled to be observed for her Social Studies practicum. During this time, the electricity went off in the elementary school. She had to continue on with her lesson and think on the spot. Although the beginning video she had planned on playing at the start of the lesson had to be scratched, she scored extremely well on her observation. 💡
Developing the Education Profession
Andrew Draper made excellent points on page 219!
Teacher Education Programs in Colleges and Universities
Teachers in the Colonial Period
Preparing Women as Teachers
The Normal School
In the late19th century, the number secondary schools grew considerably. Recognizably, the need for well-trained, well-educated teachers grew (Gutek, 2013, p. 221)
Progressive Education and Teacher Preparation
Perspectives in American Education FOED 6020 - Spring Semester 2017
By Mallory Matthews
Resources: Gutek. G. (2013). An Historical Introduction to American Education. 3rd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press Inc.
Jefferson's University of Virginia
Thomas Jefferson truly was a founding father to our country. He believed in the value of higher education and helped to create the University of Virginia. He understood that colleges needed natural and physical sciences in the curriculum at the college level (Gutek, 2013, p. 171).
Expansion of Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century
160 NEW colleges and universities were established in the late 1800's. Religious factors became large contributors to these universities and surrounding areas (Gutek, 2013, p. 171).
Personal Reflection 👤 I associate myself as being Baptist but have attended different church services offered by other denominations in my lifetime. (I attended a Methodist church for 3 years consecutively.) I found it interesting to hear about how the newly founded religions (such as Baptist and Methodist) in the time frame of the 1800's, established colleges in order to "maintain and strengthened" their members and attract to the younger crowd. This reminded me of the BCM at Tn Tech (Baptist Collegiate Ministry) and how they want to serve Christ and find other followers to share their love for Jesus. I wish I would have been more involved with this organization during my time on campus. However, having two jobs and a full class schedule does cause scheduling conflicts, but that is no excuse. I did attend sporadically when my schedule would allow and really enjoyed it. I also have attended the Church of Christ "Collegeside" a few Wednesday nights as well. My point being, it is really neat to see that almost 200 years later, churches are directing their time and attention to college students to help raise up a generation of youthful members who will benefit their beliefs. This section recognizably also reminded me of denomination specific colleges such as "Martin Methodist College" and "American Baptist College." ⛪
Personal Reflection 👤 I am so thankful to individuals such as Thomas Jefferson who "broke the norm" and stood up for education. American Higher Education would not exist without courageous individuals such as Jefferson.
William Maclure was a world traveler and pioneering geologist who wanted science and mathematics applied to agriculture and industry on the collegiate level. The Land Grants helped to establish universities with agricultural and engineering in the programs (Gutek, 2013, p. 174).
Personal Reflection 👤 I could not imagine attending Tennessee Tech (or any college for that matter) and not having an agriculture or engineering program offered. Although, I did not attend these types of classes - this is what makes a university so diverse and unique. All majors working together in a cohesive manner and teamwork approach. I know it sounds cliche but being at a university has opened my eyes to so many different lifestyles and backgrounds. Apprehensiveness is normal I suppose, but change is good if it is for the benefit of a curriculum system.
In the colonial period, teachers varied considerably in educational backgrounds. This is understandable due to regional differences and limited travel experiences (Gutek, 2013, p. 205).
Personal Reflection 👤 I am very glad that regional differences do not play as an important role in educational world compared to the past. However, they do still limit opportunities based on funds. I know many families in Jamestown that do not even have a working car. Therefore, the only expose to outside activities the children receive are from school settings. The bus ride and occasional walks to Wal-Mart or Save-A-Lot for groceries and essentials are the only encounters they have available to them. This is very concerning and also sad to me. This makes me want to take virtual field trips, show differing texts, and discuss other places whenever I can with my class. Students should also try to make connections to the text as well. So by connecting ideas and places (even if they have never saw the setting), students can grow and thrive in new information.
By the end of the 1800's, more women than men were preparing to become educators. Catharine Beecher knew the important role that females would play in education and helped to secure their opportunities in society. She established and also operated the Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut from 1823-1831. She then went to Cincinnati, Ohio and in 1833 the Western Female Institute was founded (Gutek, 2013, p. 211).
Personal Reflection 👤 Beecher knew that women were not provided many choices in the early nineteenth century. If they were married they depended on their husbands. If they were single, they were dependent on their families. By becoming a teacher, they became financially independent. This is a reason why I myself wanted to become a teacher. I want to be financially independent and have a job I enjoy. After reviewing Beecher's two viewpoints:
1) All teachers especially women, should have a personal religious commitment.
2) Teaching should be an agency of personal and social improvement.
Although, I see how this would have been the viewpoint back then, I do not whole-heartily agree with these statements. However, I do feel as though female teachers are held to a high standard even in today's society. Teachers are role models for students and are looked at in the community as authority figures.
"Normal Schools" seem to be a far cry from Beecher's vision of higher education in regards to teaching. Some of these programs were only two years and the focus was not really on the teacher or the child, but on memorization of lessons and often, corporal punishment (Gutek, 2013, p. 212-219).
Personal Reflection 👤 Although there are no "normal schools" for education in today's society, there are many changes that have taken place for teacher licensure. One of these being the "edTPA program." I think that teaching license should be tied to how well you know the content, how you interact with students, and numerous other categories. PRAXIS texts cover the content and mannerism part, but I feel as though edTPA does not accurately reflect a teacher candidate's potential.
Reviewing the statistics on higher education facilities and enrollment for 2006 was mind boggling. I did not have an estimation of how many students attended or the slightest inclination for how many colleges there was in this country. It was interesting to see how the numbers lined up. Also, the discussion of cost was also an issue, I think that more programs have been put into place to help middle and low income families, but iI think these types of programs are geared mostly toward community colleges and technical or trade schools. Without the TN Hope scholarship, Federal Assistant and local scholarships as well as TTU scholarships, I would not have been able to attend a higher institution. Even now, my Graduate Assistantship is paying for my tuition for my Master's. I think it is very disheartening when a small child tells you they will never go to college. Whether that may from academic restraints, financial hardships, or family struggles, I think every child should have the option of going to college if they wish. 👤
Changes were happening all across the nation - especially college campuses. The Civil Rights Movement, hippies, and varying lifestyle changes were happening all around. (Gutek, 2013, p. 185-186).
👤I enjoyed how the book stated that community colleges were "connecting rungs in the American education ladder." This was a great implementation for society. I enjoyed reading about how community colleges came to exist and the evolving changes they have underwent.
👤 Hearing about the history of universities make me want to be thankful for Tennessee Tech. Although 100 years is just a drop in the bucket for some Universities, celebrating a centennial is something to be proud of. As the bells ring on top of Derry Berry, this passage had me to reflect on how much things have changed and who we have to thank for universities and colleges alike.🔔
Personal Reflection 👤 I have been told that Tennessee Tech has the largest population of Elementary Education majors in the state. I am thankful that this university is so well equipped to train the teaching field. While there are other colleges that offer this degree, I feel as though Tennessee Tech is small enough, yet large enough, to offer a diverse learning experience.
Marietta Johnson and Child-Centered Teacher Education 🖍
👥This woman made some great points that I consider still extremely withstanding in today's society. She encouraged teachers to recognize a child's needs and interests, design activities in which the child constructed their own meaning from the experience, and to develop engaging learning activities through various efforts. This section spoke so true in my ❤ and made me want to 🙂. FINALLY someone who wanted caring and compassionate people as teachers, not just someone who passed a test. She wanted teachers who respected children and practiced developmentally appropriate practices (Gutek, 2013, p. 223)