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Anatomy and physiology review (major body systems (digestive (exocrine…
Anatomy and physiology review
comparative anatomy
some species-specific differences
ruminants: four compartment stomach
pigs: spiral colon
horses: large cecum and colon (right and left ventral, right and left dorsal, transverse), guttural pouch
birds: air sacs, proventriculus, gizzard, ceca, cloaca
major body systems
nervous system
endocrine system
circulatory system
respiratory
digestive
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
nutrients from intestines are metabolized in liver before entering systemic circulation
immune
musculoskeletal
integumentary
urogenital
nervous and endocrine
major communication systems
integrate stimuli and response to changes in external and internal environment
endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous
nervous system
west nile virus in horse
chronic wasting disease in deer
cuterebriasis in cats
endocrine system
hypothalamus
autonomic
regulates homeostasis
endocrine
links to nervous system helps regulate pituitary gland secretion
pituitary gland
anterior
epinephrine/NE
glucocorticoids
thyroid
TSH, GH, FSH, LH
prolactin
posterior
ADH
oxytocin
circulatory system
left heart failure in dogs
pulmonary edema, fluid in lung
left atrium enlargement
enlarged heart
right heart failure in dogs
ascites, fluid in abdomen
peripheral edema
pulmonary effusion, fluid around lungs
right heart failure in horses
presence of fluid around lungs
liver histology
made of lobules
portal triad: bile ducts, hepatic artery, portal vein
liver functions
storage of iron, glycogen
recycling of old RBC
synthesis plasma proteins
phagocytosis of foreign substancces
metabolism of carb, lipids, protein
detoxification
degradation of hormones
secretion of bile
hepatic failure
dark colored urine
vascular and blood clotting
jaundice/icterus
hyperammonemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia
cutaneous manifestation
hepatic encephalopathy
hepaticcutanous syndrome
urinary system
production of calcitriol
reabsorption of water, electrolytes
production of RBC
production of renin