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Foundation (Haematology (WBC (Neutrophils::
Multi-lobular nucleus
…
Foundation
Haematology
Blood:
- Plasma: 55%
- WBC + platelets: <1%
- RBC: 45%
-
Haematopoiesis:Prenatal:
- Yolk sac
- Liver
- Bone marrow
- Spleen
Postnatal:
- Vertebral +pelvis
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Lymph nodes
- Femur
Red marrow: younger
Yellow marrow: older
-
WBC
Neutrophils::
- Multi-lobular nucleus
- Cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
- Short-lived, motile cell: phagocytose bacteria + tissue infection
- Multi-lobed allows for extreme deformability
- Engulf bacteria: phagocytic vacuole, cytoplasmic granules fuse with vacuole and deliver bactericidal products
Eosinophils::
- Bi-lobed nucleus
- Large coarse granules
Eosinophils:
- Short lived, motile: allergic response and immunity to helminths
Basophils::
- Nucleus not obviously multi-lobed
- basophilic granules
Basophils:
- Immune phenomena (IgE mediated)
Monocytes/macrophage :
- horseshoe shaped nucleus
- fine, cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes:
- long lived tissue phagocytes
- Chronic inflammation + infections
Platelets:
- Discoid anuclear cells
- Fine cytoplasmic granules
Platelets
- Damaged vessel wall interaction
Cytokines:
- Cell signalling/ cell to cell communication
- initiate immune response
- similar to cytokines
Growth Factors
- Bind to receptors on cell surface
- activating cell proliferation and/ differentiation
specific + non specific
-
Lymphatic system
lymph
- Tissue fluid once it has entered the lymph vessel
- 10-20% blood into vessels of lymph system
- returned to vascular system via large lymphatic vessels
- single layer endothelial cells
capillaries untie to form larger vessels : thin connective tissue
- larger lymph trunks-3 coats
Node:
- Hilus : blood vessel enter and leave node
- Germinal center: mature B cells proliferate
- Lymphoid follicle: B cells
Lymph sys
Lymph trunk: large vessels of lymph system, lymph vessels empty lymph into lymph trunks
Lymph nodes:
solid mass of lymphoid tissue along course of lymph vessels
afferent and efferent vessels in and out
-
-
Walls of alimentary canal, spleen and thymus have lymph tissue
Thoracic and right lymph duct:
lymph trunks join pour into two terminal vessels
- empty into veins of roof of neck
Spleen
- Filter for blood
- Old RBC recycled
- Can also hepl fight certain bacteria
White & red pulp