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Dr. Ghada Ceutics (Lectures 1 & 2 (External Aqueous and Non-Aqueous…

- - - - Types
        
        Non-Medicated Elixirs
        
        For dilution of existing medicated elixir
        
        Pleasant tasting vehicle
        
        Medicated Elixirs
        
        Digoxin Elixir
        
        For congestive heart failure
        
        Phenobarbital Elixir
        
        Anticonvulsant, sedative & hypnotic
        
        Anti-histamine Elixir
        
        For some allergic disorders
      - Composition
        
        Water & Alcohol
        
        Glycerin, sryups, flavouring agent, preservatives...
        
        1- Sweetening agent 2- Increase solubility
      - Preparation
        
        1- Dissolve water-soluble compounds in part of water
        
        2- Add sucrose in aqueous solution
        
        3- Prepare Alcoholic solution
        
        4- Add aqueous to alcoholic solution
      - Incompatibilities
        
        Elixir + Tincture or fluid extract:
        
        Separation of extractive material
        
        Dilution of elixir with water
        
        Precipitation of ingredient
        
        Alcohol in elixir precipitates:
        
        Acacia, agar, tragacanth & inorganic salts
    - - Preparation
        
        Solution by maceration (Peppermint Spirit USP)
        
        Chemical reaction (Non-official) (Ethyl nitrite spirit)
        
        Simple solution method (E.g. Aromatic ammonia spirit)
        
        Distillation
      - Incompatibilities
        
        Dilution with water:
        
        Precipitation
        
        Aromatic ammonia spirit + alkaloid(Coedine phosphate)
        
        Amonium phosphate forms, coedine precipitates
    - - Should be stored:
        
        Under inert gas
        
        Protected from light
        
        In small tight container
  - - - Types
        
        Cosmetic Mouthwashes
        
        Reduce bad breath and clean buccal cavity
        
        Therapeutic Mouthwashes
        
        Hexitidine
        
        Anti-infective agent
        
        Hydrocortisone + nystatin + tetracyclin
        
        Treatment of stomatitis
        
        Tranexamic acid
        
        Prevent bleeding after surgery
      - Ingredients
        
        Flavours: to overcome disagreeable tastes (E.g. Peppermint)
        
        Humectants: Increases viscosity, sweetness and preservation
        
        Surfactants
        
        Non-ionic and anionic (E.g. Polyoxyethylene and SLS*
        
        Cationic (E.g. Cetylpyridinium chloride)
        
        Colouring agent(E.g. Amaranth)
        
        Alcohols
        
        Mask unpleasant taste
        
        Preservative
        
        Sloubilizing agent
    - - Ingredients: antiseptics, anesthetics, antibiotics
    - - Therapeutic enemas (Microenemas) (E.g. Anthelmentic enema)
      - Diagnostic enemas (E.g. Barium sulfate enema)
      - Evacuation enemas (E.g. Evacuant soap enema BPC)
    - - *Pharyngeal douches (Cleanse throat) (E.g. sodium borate)
      - Vaginal douches(Antiseptic) (E.g. Betadine)
      - Eye douches (Remove foreign paritcles)
    - - Local effect (reduce nasal congestion) (E.g. Ephedrine Sulfate USP)
      - Systemic effect (E.g. Insulin)
      - Types:
        
        Nasal sprays (Atomizer or Nebulizer)
        
        Drops (Treats rhinitis)
    - - Uses: Soften wax, treat inflammation or relieve pain
      - Solvents used: Water, glycerin( or anhydrous glycerin)
      - Adminstration
        
        For middle ear
        
        For ear canal
    - - Ingredients
        
        Pyroxylin
        
        Ethyl ether
        
        Ethanol
        
        Castor oil and camphor
    - - Uses:
        
        Relieve of pain
        
        Counter-irritant
  - - - Selection of menstrum
        
        Alcohol
        
        Hydroalcoholic soolvent
        
        Water
        
        Glycerin
      - Methods for extraction
        
        Digestion
        
        Infusion
        
        Percolation
        
        Decoction
        
        Maceration
      - Types of extractives
        
        Extracts
        
        Plastic masses
        
        Dry powder
        
        Semi-liquids
        
        Galenical resins
        
        Fluid extracts
        
        Oleoresins (Balsams)
        
        Tinctures (E.g. Digitalis and Belladonna)
- - - - Insolubility
        
        Suspensions not shaken well
        
        Correction: Substitute insoluble drug with soluble one
      - Immiscibility
        
        Oil is immiscible with water
        
        Correction
        
        Emulsification (E.g. Gum Acacia)
        
        Solubilization (E.g. Tween)
      - Precipitation without chemical reaction
        
        Temperature change
        
        Change in solvent systems
        
        E.g. Tinctures + Syrups --> water-soluble compounds ppts.
        
        Correction: Add protective colloid and shake
        
        Salting out
        
        E.g.1 Caphor when metal salts are added
        
        E.g.2 Hydro-colloidal dispersion when alcohol or electrolytes are added
        
        Correction: add electrolytes in small amounts and stirr
      - Liquefaction of solid ingredients
        
        Eutaxia
        
        E.g.2' Salicylate + aminpyrine + Belladonna --> Green colour
        
        Correction: 1- Add absorbent 2-separately mix ingredients with diluent
        
        E.g.2 Salicylate + Phenaone/aminopyrine
        
        E.g.1 Phenols, aldehydes, ketones
        
        Liberation of water of hydration
        
        E.g. Sodium sulfate(Crystalline)
        
        Correction: Use anhydrous NaSO4
        
        Salts absorb moisture
      - Incomplete solution
        
        E.g. Terpin hydrate in simple syrup
      - Incorrect drug from prescribed
        
        Dissolve alkolidal salt in petrolatum
        
        Correction: Use free alkaloid instead
    - - Synergistic combination
        
        E.g.2 Neomycin/erythromycin combination --> Broader spectrum of antibiotic
        
        E.g.3 Aspirin/Coedine combination --> Reduce amount of coedine required
        
        E.g.1 Sulfonamide combination --> Less toxicity
      - Antagonistic combination
        
        E.g. Aspirin/Probenecid in treatment of gout
      - Dosage error
        
        E.g.1 Atropine and Phenobarbital (12 times the dose)
        
        E.g.2 Coedine Phosphate (Dose every 4 hrs not every hour)
      - Contraindicated drugs
        
        E.g.2 Tetracyclines + Calcium --> precipitation of Antibiotic
        
        E.g.3 Sulfonamides + urinary acidifiers --> Disposition of sulfonamide crystals in kidneys
        
        E.g.1 Santonin + Castor oil --> Toxic
    - - Types
        
        Immediate
        
        Delayed
      - Manifestations
        
        Change of colour(See examples)
        
        Evolution of gas(See examples)
        
        Precipitation(See examples)
  - - - E.g. AddMagnesium carbonate before sodium bicarbonate (See the slides)
    - - Increase volume and decrease dose
      - Decrease volume and increase dose