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COMM 776 (Media, Stereotypes, Identity (Main concepts: Social Identity…

- - - - Katz and Lazarsfeld; Minimal effects
      - Indirect effects of media: information is mediated through opinion-leaders who influence the public
    - - Michael Schudson: Intimate, informal conversations (not important) and formal conversations influence public opinion
        
        Criticism: Informal conversation in private places can inform democratic thought (Wyatt ? et al.)
      - Diana Mutz: How media divides us, cross-cutting discussion (polarization, possible negative effects of discourse)
  - - - Noelle-Neuman
      - Main Idea: Fear of isolation; opinion climate plays a role in decision-making, mass media provides info
    - - Perloff
      - Main Idea: media message is presumed to have a greater influence on other people than the self
- - - - Affective Intelligence: Different emotions lead to different information seeking and motivational behaviors. Anxiety leads to greater information seeking, but not motivation to vote. Anger and Enthusiasm do the opposite. (see Neuman, Brader, Valentino)
- - - - Garrett (2009) asserts that selective approach (seeking consonant information) and selective avoidance (avoiding disconsonant information) are distinct psychological processes. Selective approach happens more than selective avoidance, and therefore does not necessarily create information echo chambers that are purported to drive polarization
      - Messing & Westwood (2014) show that the mere presence of social endorsement (# of recommendations) negates the effect of political selectivity
    - - Political polarization, new media, echo chambers (Bennett & Iyengar 2008). For response, see Garrett (2009) and Messing & Westwood (2014)
  - - - The ELM comes from Psych and describes a PROCESS, now how to create “strong messages,” which is what Comm scholars are interested in. Completely tautological on what constitutes a strong argument
      - Confounds in ELM experiments: (1) cues are simpler to process than message, (2) cues are presented first (Unimodel response: Kruglanski & Thompson)
- - - - Holbert, Garrett & Gleasson critique: existing theory can explain new media
- - - - Busselle & Bilandzic (2008)
- - - - Applications
        
        Bartsch (2014) Gore as a cue of “meaningfulness”
        
        Heusmann (2003) Most aggressive behavior in adults correlates with the highest violent viewing as children (longitudinal study)
        
        Bushman (1995) Media violence is more likely to elicit aggressive affect and behavior in high-trait aggressive people
        
        Bartholow (2006) Desensitization in fMRI studies
      - Related Theories
        
        Catharsis theory: violent viewing would be followed by reductions in aggression
        
        Critique: Basically there is one researcher who thinks that violent video games are fine and everyone else finds negative effects
        
        Desensitization theory: repeated exposure would lead to decreased physiological responsivity
        
        Social cognitive theory: repeated exposure would influence accessibility and normativity
        
        Script theory: scripts for problem-solving that focus on aggression
      - General Aggression Model