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abnormal psychology (Vocab (DSM: Diagnostic and Statistics Manual…

- - - - demographics
        
        race/ethnicity
        
        gender
        
        age
        
        SES
      - environmental
        
        toxins
        
        radiation
        
        humidity
      - behavior
        
        eating
        
        physical activity
        
        condom use
        
        sleep hygene
- - - - emotional pain and suffering
    - - impairment in a key area
    - - makes others uncomfortable or causes problems
  - - - possession by evil beings or spirits
    - - hippocrates
        
        mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes
        
        mania and melancholia
    - - monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
    - - torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional sounding confessions
    - - trials held to determine sanity
      - began in 13th century England
    - - establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill
        
        treatment non-existent or harmful at asylums
  - - - small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals
- - - - focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts
  - - - Ph.D. or Psy.D.
  - - - heredity plays a role in most behavior
      - genes
      - relationship between genes and environment is bidirectional
- - - - observer agreement
    - - similarity of scores across repeated test administrations or observations
    - - similarity of scores on tests that are similar, but not identical
    - - extent to which test items are related to one another
  - - - extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest
    - - extent to which a measure is associated with another measure
      - concurrent
        
        two measures administered at the same point in time
      - predictive
        
        ability to measure to predict another variable measures at some future point in time
    - - an abstract concept or inferred attribute
        
        involves correlating multiple indirect measures of the attribute
  - - - psychological functioning
      - subscales to detect lying/faking
    - - Wechsler scales
        
        mean IQ = 100, SD = 15
- - - - destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different
      - chart
        
        distinguishing label is applied
        
        label refers to undesirable attributes
        
        people with the label are seen as different
        
        people with the label are discriminated against
        
        stigma
- - - - neo-freudians
        
        jung (1875-1961
        
        analytical psychology
        
        collective unconscious
        
        catalogues personality characteristics
        
        extroversion vs. introvertsion
        
        adler
        
        individual psychology
        
        fulfillment derived from working for the social good
    - - free association
      - analysis of transference
      - interpretation
  - - - focus on observable behavior
      - emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies
    - - operant conditioning
      - classical conditioning
      - modeling
        
        changing behavior without actively trying to change it
- - - - study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function
        
        cross-fostering adoptee method
        
        environment was responsible for turning on the expression of a particular gene
  - - - possible mechanisms
        
        excessive or inadequate levels
        
        insufficient reuptake
        
        excessive number or sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
      - brain structure and function
      - neurotransmitters
      - neuroendocrine system
        
        HPA:
        
        cortisol (stress hormone)
    - - integrative model that incorporates multiple causal factors
        
        genetic
        
        neurobiological
        
        psychological
        
        environmental
      - diathesis
        
        underlying predisposition
        
        increases risk of developing disorder
      - stress
        
        environmental events
        
        triggering event