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Ecology of Socialization (Agents of Socialization: (Family (Behavior…
Ecology of Socialization
Agents of Socialization:
Family
Behavior patterns in culturally diverse families
Orientation: Collectivism <--> Individualistic
Coping Style: Active <--> Passive
Attitude toward authority: Submissive <--> Egalitarian
Communication Style: Open/Expressive <--> Restrained/Private
Peers
Egocentrism
Mass Media
newpapers, magazines, books, radio, TV, videos, movies, computers, consoles, and other means of communication
Community
School and Childcare
Educational Philosophy, Classroom management, Childcare
Aims of Socialization:
Develop a self-concept (Erikson)
Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to age 1)
Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (ages 2-3)
PlayAge: Initiative vs. Guilt (Ages 3-5)
School Age: Industry vs. Inferiority (Ages 6-puberty)
Adolescence: Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (Puberty to age 18+)
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 18 to middle adulthood)
Adulthood: Generativity vs. Self-Abosorption (middle to late)
Senescence: integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood to death)
Enable self-regulation
Empower achievement
Teach appropriate social roles
Implement developmental skills
Socialization processes:
Biological factors
(genetics, evolution, hormones): experience-expectant: the neural connections that develop under genetic influence, independent of experience, activity, or stimulation.
Sociocultural factors
: experience-dependent- the neural connections that develop in response to experience
Interactive factors
: individual life history, include the child’s receptivity to socialization
Operant Methods of Socialization:
Operant: producing an effect
Reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment
Timing, Reasoning, Consistency, Attachment to the person doing the punishing
Feedback
Learning by doing
Affective Methods of Socialization
Affective
: having to do with feelings or emotions
secure attachment vs. Insecure attachment
Observational Methods of Socialization
Bandura: social learning theory
probability that children will imitate a model is their function of: 1) attention, 2) level of cognitive development, 3) retention, 4) type of activity being observed, 5) motivation, 6) ability to reproduce behavior, and 7) repertoire of alternative behaviors
Modeling
Cognitive Methods of Socialization
Instruction
setting standards
Reasoning
transductive: reasoning from one particular fact or case to another similar fact or case
Inductive: reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion
deductive: reasoning from a general principle to a specific case, or from a premise to a logical conclusion
Sociocultural Methods of Socialization
Group Pressure
attraction to the group, acceptance by the group and type of group
Tradition
Rituals and Routines
Symbols
Outcomes of Socialization
: (1) development of self-regulation of emotion, thinking, and behavior; (2)Reciprocity and cooperation-- role taking skills, strategies for resolving conflicts, and ways to viewing relationships; (3) Acquisition of a cultures morals and values, including the willingness to accept the authority of others; (4) Conformity to a dn adoption of practices and routines associated with the group