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L16 Positive R/Ships (Factors That Create Gd R/ship :smiley: (2)…

- - - - A) ANGER, ACCUSATION & HOSTILITY
      - B) STYLE OF COMMUNICATION
        
        2) DEMAND-WITHDRAWAL pattern: Criticism & Complaining from one partner > Sense of Contempt from another > Defensiveness > Withdrawal
        
        3) STONEWALLING: : extreme withdrawal to punish > Flooding response pattern in the other person (seeking protection) > Inability to engage in +ve problem solving (Body language that indicates fear, anxiety)
        
        1) NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY: -ve comment > -ve R/ship > cycle of disagreeable comments)
        
        4) REPAIR ATTEMPTS FAILS: Efforts to calm down a tense situation fails > distress > couple's shared history REWRITTEN NEGATIVELY. (1 destructive act erases 5-10 positive acts of kindness)
    - - EXPECTATIONS
        1) Change in social expectations:
        Social costs of leaving R/ship are reduced) > Reasons to MAINTAIN the R/ship
        
        FOCUS : i) STRENTHS of the emotional R/ship; ii) QUALITY of R/ship
        
        2) Pluralistic societies: DIFFERENCES Between
        ETHNIC & CULTURAL background creates STRESS. Cultural differences of
        i) Value/Priority of Romantic love; ii) Expression of love
      - Theories to R/ship Stability
        
        2) Social Exchange Theories: Relationship is about exchange of Rewards & Costs (Satisfaction = Benefits - Cost)
        
        WHAT IS IT?
        A perspective that explains SOCIAL CHANGE & STABILITY = process of negotiated EXCHANGES between parties. Human relationships are FORMED by the USE of a SUBJECTIVE COST-Benefit analysis and the COMPARISONS of ALTERNATIVES. Imply Human R/ships = A two-sided, mutually contingent and rewarding process involving TRANSACTIONS or EXCHANGES.
        
        STAGES of Social Exchange Theories: Sampling > Bargaining > Commitment > Institutionalization
        
        CRITICISM:
        1) Individual differences not considered.
        2) REDUCE human interaction to PURELY RATIONAL process that arises from ECONOMIC theory.
        3) FAVOURS OPENNESS & FREEDOM but there may be times when OPENNESS ISN'T THE BEST OPTION.
        4) Assumes ultimate GOAL of a relationship = INTIMACY, when this might not always be the case.
        5) Places relationships in a LINEAR STRUCTURE, when some relationships might skip steps or go backwards in terms of intimacy.
        
        1) Balance Theory
        
        WHAT IS IT? It explains that every couple will express both +ve & -ve behaviours and their regulation of behaviours will determine the stability of relationship. **
        
        KEY WORDS: REGULATE, BALANCE, PREDICTABLE, STABLE
        REGULATED couples: Long lasting r/ship where patterns of emotions are balanced & predictable.
        VALIDATING couples: stable & free from undue conflicts
        Unregulated Couples: Short lasting r/ship where patterns of emotions are unbalanced & unpredictable.
        
        CRITICISM:
        1) A limit to it imposed by RECONCILING WEAK TIES with relationships of STRONGER FORCE (e.g. FAMILY bonds)
        2) We CAN'T:
        i) routinely identify the positive and negative lines with the positive and negative "sentiment relations";
        ii) identify the formal balance notion with the psychological idea of balance or structural tension.
        
        3) Social Interdependency Theory: People makes separate decisions to decide if they are: i) satisfied in r/ship>> Evaluate other r/ships they had/observed, to figure out if their r/ship attractness; ii) to maintain the r/ship >> Look at alternatives to current r/ships, & decide if a change is preferable & worth the costs of leaving.
        
        4) Rusbult's Perspective: i) R/ship satisfaction; ii) The alternatives to the r/ship, iii) Investment one has made (Commitment of time & emotional effort)