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Critical Thinking (Dispositions (systematic, inquisitive, judicious,…

- - - - in science, there are rather experts
  - - - comprehend and express meaning
    - - identifiy inferential relationships
    - - assessing the credibility of statements and quality of arguments
    - - draw reasonable conclusions
    - - presenting and justifying one's arguments in a cogent form
    - - meta cognitivo, self-examination, self-correction
  - - - ad hominem
        
        attacking the arguer instead of the argument
      - argument from authority
      - argument from adverse consequences
      - Appeal to ignorance
        
        whatever has not been proved false must be true or vice versa
      - special pleading
        
        to rescue a proposition in deep rhetorical trouble
      - assuming the answer /begging the question
        
        is a relationship really existent?
      - observational selection (enumeration of favourable circumstances)
      - statistics of small numbers #
      - misunderstanding of the nature of statistics
      - inconsistency
      - non-sequitur (it doesn't follow)
        
        failing to recognise alternative explanations than God for a certain statement
      - post hoc, ergo propter hoc (it happened after, so it was caused by)
      - excluded middle/false dichotomy
      - short-term vs. long-term #
      - slippery slope #
        
        extreme exaggeration -> if...then
      - confusion of correlation and causation
      - straw man
        
        caricaturing or weakening a position to make it easier to attack
      - suppressed evidence/half truths #
      - weasel-words
        
        euphemism
    - - System 1
        
        errors more easily made here
        
        Availability
        
        Affect
        
        "gut reaction"
        
        Association
        
        Simulation
        
        Similarity
        
        analogical model
      - System 2
        
        Satisficing
        
        Temporising
        
        Aversion to risk and loss
        
        Anchoring with adjustment
        
        used for evaluative adjustments
        
        Illusion of control
        
        Hindsight bias
        
        overestimation our influence when things go right
        
        underestimate our responsibility when things go wrong
      - Dominance structure
        
        similar to method of tenacity
- - - - liberal education
  - - - tobacco industry
        
        Gullibility kills.
- - - - tendency to hold on to an opinion once one was made
    - - one doctrine is pushed into people’s heads through authority
      - will always govern the mass of mankind
      - path of peace if differential opinions stay silent
    - - the adoptions of opinions or beliefs because their fundamental propositions seemed "agreeable to reason"
        
        following the zeitgeist
      - comfortable conclusions
    - - there are real things independent from our knowledge or opinions about them
      - experience and reason will lead to the true conclusion (reality)
      - only one which provides a distinction of right and wrong way
      - Yes, the other methods do have their merits: a clear logical conscience does cost something - just as any virtue, just as all that we cherish, costs us dear. But, we should not desire it to be otherwise. The genius of a man's logical method should be loved and reverenced as his bride, whom he has chosen from all the world. He need not condemn the others; on the contrary, he may honor them deeply, and in doing so he only honors her the more. But she is the one that he has chosen, and he knows that he was right in making that choice. And having made it, he will work and fight for her, and will not complain that there are blows to take, hoping that there may be as many and as hard to give, and will strive to be the worthy knight and champion of her from the blaze of whose splendors he draws his inspiration and his courage.
  - - - how do you build your opinion? #