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cognitive + biological factors interact in emotion (8/22) (2-factor theory…
cognitive + biological factors interact in emotion (8/22)
introduction
initiated by physiological / cognitive factors
CLA states humans = info processors + mental representations guide behaviour
physiology = internal, biological mechanisms of an individual (the way they function)
eg. fear, anger, sadness, surprise
emotion = body's adaptive response to particular situation
cognition = mental processes of acquiring + processing knowledge
essay will explore the interaction of cognitive + biological factors in emotion
conclusion
theories supported through lots of research
TOA - evaluation of situations (cognition) determines emotion
although limitations to studies, none have opposed idea of interaction in emotion
TFT - emotion results from physiological arousal + cognitive labelling
all theories suggest cognitive + bio factors interact in emotion to a LARGE extent
both theories suggest interaction of cognitive + bio factors in emotion
2-factor theory
Schachter + Singer (1962)
2 factors interact to determine specific emotions
physiological arousal
emotional interpretation + labelling of physiological arousal
strength of physiological arousal determines intensity of emotion
interpretation of physiological arousal determines which particular emotion is experienced
physiological arousal = necessity for emotional exp. but needs to be labelled by by cognitive appraisal of situ.
Aim:
test 2-factor theory of emotion using adrenaline (hormone)
Method:
4 groups of pp's all told being given injection of suproxin to test effect on vision
actually receiving adrenaline injection
4th = control - given placebo
2 conditions
1.
euphoria (confederate encouraged pp to play with games outside waiting room)
2.
anger (pp surrounded by confederate become increasingly angry whilst filling out questionnaire)
pp's observed for changes in emotion
1st group - told true effects of adrenaline
2nd = no info of effects
3rd = given false effects
Results:
1st group (told effects) showed least changes in emotion
2nd group - told no effects showed greatest change in emotion
had no explanation for their state of arousal, so labelled their emotions according to confederate's behaviour
Conclusion:
emotion occurs by process of cognitive labelling
supports that combination of physical change (Adrenaline) + cognitive labelling (Appraisal) can contribute to changes in emotion
Appraisal theory
motivational relevance, motivational congruence, accountability
2.
secondary appraisal - appraises consequences of event + decides how to act
1.
primary appraisal - assess significance / meaning of event
problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, future expectancy
based on 2 concepts:
Speisman et al. (1964)
emotion is experienced when we assess our surroundings as to whether it's beneficial / harmful to our well-being
Aim:
demonstrate influence of appraisal on emotional experiences
more of a cognitive basis than TFT
Method:
pp's shown stressful film of boys being circumcised
based one the evaluation of situations according to the significance they have for us
3 conditions + 1 control
Lazarus (1982; 1991)
1.
trauma (boy experienced pain + knife emphasises)
2.
denial (emphasised boy's anticipation to enter manhood)
3.
intellectualisation (emphasised traditions of aboriginal culture)
arousal state measured by GSR
Results:
pp's reacted more emotionally in trauma condition
the way pp's appraised what they were seeing in the film influenced physiological experience in terms of emotion