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2 models or theories of one cognitive process (8/22) (multi-store model of…
2 models or theories of one cognitive process (8/22)
introduction
focus on MSM + LOP
levels of processing model (LOP)
working memory model (WM)
multistore model (MSM)
3 main types of models of memory that demonstrate how our memory works
memory = cognitive + mental process of encoding, storing + retrieving information from previous experiences
conclusion
needs to be developed from over-simplified model to more complex + more accurate model
LOP
requires further research to explain processes involved in memory
good description of processes involved in memory
supported by a large amount of research
does't account for memory's structure
provides good explanation of memory structures
further research could refine theory
MSM
multi-store model of memory (MSM)
long term memory store (LTM)
short term memory store (STM)
SMM
sensory memory store (SMM)
duration = holds relatively unprocessed info that decays rapidly (fraction of second)
consists of 3 memory stores
capacity = unlimited
proposed by
Atkinson + Shiffrin (1968)
coding = iconic (visual) / echoic (auditory) / haptic (touch)
STM
duration = 15-30 seconds
capacity = 7 units +/- 2 (Miller 1956)
coding = acoustically - info lost unless rehearsed via repetition
LTM
duration = long-lasting (potentially permanent)
capacity = unlimited
coding = primarily semantic + is recalled by retrieval, bringing info to the STS
Baddeley (1966)
Aim:
investigate encoding at STM
Method:
pp's given lists of words that were:
acoustically similar / different
semantically similar / different
tested ability to recall the lists of words
Results:
in STM - better recall of acoustically different words than similar
slightly better recall of semantically different than similar words
concluded in STM - info is encoded acoustically - because recall is affected by sound of words
Evaluation:
case study provided in-depth info
can't be generalised to whole population
LOP
1.
structural (shallow)
encodes the physical qualities / visual appearance
states 3 levels of processing
2.
phonological (intermediate)
states memory = by-product of processing info
encodes sound
proposed by
Craik + Lockhart (1972)
predicts that how deeply people process info is determined by how well it's stored in memory
3.
semantic (deep)
encodes meaning + associates it with existing knowledge
Craig + Tulving (1975)
Aim:
investigate how deep + shallow processing affects memory recall
Method:
pp's present with 60 words
had to answer series of Q's about them which required different depths processing
pp's then given longer list of 180 words
asked to pick out original words from this new list
Results:
pp's recalled more words semantically processed than structurally / phonologically
Conclusion = words semantically processed involve deep processing + results in more accurate recall
Evaluation:
lab experiment: strict control over variables + determined cause-effect relationship
lab exp. = lacks ecological validity
task doesn't reflect daily activity of pp's