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Unit 2 - Offensive Operations (204.02C - Prepare Operational Orders (MTV),…

- - - - Feint
        Fix
        Follow and Assume
        Follow and Support
        Guard
        Infiltrate
        Interdict
        Isolate
        Locate
        Neutralize
        Occupy
        Penetrate
        Pursue
        Recover
        Relief in Place
        Retain
        Retire
        Screen
        Secure
        Seize
        Support by Fire
        Suppress
        Turn
        Withdrawal
      - Advance to Contact
        Ambush
        Arrest
        Attack
        Attack by Fire
        Block
        Breach
        Bypass
        Canalize
        Capture
        Clear
        Contain
        Control
        Counter-Attack
        Cover
        (Conduct) Deception
        Defeat
        Delay
        Demonstrate
        Deny
        Destroy
        Disengage
        Disrupt
        Envelop
        Escort
        Exfiltrate
        (Conduct) Exploitation
    - - General. Mission verbs are the lexicon of operations. Each verb has specific definitions and their usage removes ambiguity from formal military discussion and direction. Some mission verbs also describe tactical effects.
        
        STANAG 2287
- - - - Stages of the Attack
        Mounting - preparations that occur before H-hour
        Assault - begins as the assault element crosses the line of departure (LD), continues with the break into the enemy defensive position and
        concludes with the fight through the objective
        Consolidation - the preparations to meet the enemy counter-attack, finalization of sustainment requirements and recommencement of battle procedure for the next task. Note that the consolidation stage may be followed by the exploitation phase. It may also begin before the fighting through the objective has finished.
      - Forms of Manoeuvre
        Land Ops, Chap 7, Sect 6
        BG in Ops, Chap 6, Para 604
        
        The forms of manoeuvre are frontal, penetration, envelopment (which includes flank attacks and attacks against the adversary’s rear), and turning movement. It also includes infiltration .
        To manoeuvre is to gain a position of advantage relative to the adversary. It often requires physical movement. Movement against an adversary’s flanks and rear may have an impact on his morale, and thereby, his will. It may assist in the achievement of surprise and shock if conducted at high tempo; that is, before the adversary can react effectively.
        Some forms of manoeuvre, such as single and double envelopment or a turning movement may disrupt and dislocate the defence. The envelopment may have a more direct aim: to gain a position of advantage, which is the desired objective.
        
        Frontal
        
        Penetration
        
        Deep
        Multiple
        Combination
        
        Envelopment
        
        Flank
        Rear
        Double
        
        Turning
        
        Infiltration
    - - Manoeuvre. Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with fire, or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy IOT accomplish the mission (AAP-6). #
    - - Offensive action, on both the moral and physical planes, through a combination of physical and intellectual activities, is the decisive operation of war and ultimate success is achieved through it.
    - - In offensive operations, the key to success is seizing and retaining the initiative. In doing so, a commander maintains momentum, keeps the adversary off-balance, and prevents him from blocking penetrations, mounting counterattacks, and reforming his reserves. Selecting the location, target, time and direction of offensive operations seizes the initiative.
        
        Simplicity
        
        Concentration of Force
        
        Surprise
        
        Offensive Action
        
        Flexibility
    - - Tactical Movement
        Land Ops, Chap 7, Sect 23, Para 7128
        BG in Ops, Chap 9, Para 905
        Tactical movement is an enabling activity that involves tactical movement between
        locations by combat and other forces, without the expectation or seeking of adversary contact, albeit prepared for contact.
        Forces moving from one location to conduct other tactical activities, such as stability
        activities in a given area, may use tactical movement. It is generally used in non-linear, noncontiguous battlespaces in which the adversary is unlikely to be located in a fixed location. During the march, forces do not actively seek contact but are prepared for adversary contact. The greatest threats to forces on the march will be ambushes and IEDs.
        Moving troops and their equipment across the battlefield is an inherent part of all military operations. For combat operations, troop movement is the mechanism by which BG COs position their forces to conduct manoeuvre and exploit operational success.Rapid and orderly movement of a BG’s troops and equipment (to allow the concentration of combat power at decisive points and time) underlies the ability to achieve any sort of battlefield agility. Equally critical is ensuring that the associated logistical support required for operational success is quickly and effectively moved within the BG’s battlespace.
        
        Fundamentals
        
        March Discipline
        
        Multiple Routes
        
        Protection
        
        Forms of Tactical Movement
        
        Column
        
        Line
        
        Echelon (Left or Right)
        
        Box
        
        Wedge
        
        V
        
        Planning Tactical Movement. The major tool for controlling tactical movement is the
        movement order. B-GJ-005-404/FP-030, Movement Support Road provides planning guidance
        for tactical movement, including preparation of the movement order.
      - Mobility. A quality or capability of military forces which permits them to move from place to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission (AAP-6).
    - - The purpose of offensive operations is to defeat the adversary through the use of
        violence. Offensive action, on both the moral and physical planes, through a combination of
        physical and intellectual activities, is the decisive operation of war and ultimate success is
        achieved through it.
      - Fundamentals (Offensive).
        
        Shock Action
        
        Depth
        
        Simplicity
        
        Balance
        
        Information Gathering
        
        Reserves
      - Offensive operations defeat the adversary either by breaking his cohesion, by physical destruction or both. The real damage to the adversary's will is caused by destroying the coherence of his operations and fragmenting and isolating his combat power, and its moral, conceptual and physical components. By so doing, the adversary's capability to resist is destroyed.
    - - Planning
        
        Details for CSS priorities and activities should include:
        
        Action to be taken before the attack
        
        Provision for continuous support of the operation
        
        Provision for collecting, consolidating, and controlling prisoners of war (PWs) and refugees.
      - CSS Considerations
        Continuity of sustaining operations is vital to the success of offensive activities and operations. Indeed, success in pursuit and exploitation may hinge upon the ability of CSS elements to react quickly and flexibly.
        The commander and his staff must, therefore, carefully consider the availability of supplies and the capability of the CSS support elements to deliver the supplies and to provide other necessary support to units.
        
        Forward Positioning. The commander must consider pre-positioning supplies and support facilities well forward. Where possible, these should be kept mobile so that they can be deployed forward as the attack progresses.
        
        Ammunition/ Fuel Supply. Adequate planning is necessary to ensure an uninterrupted flow of ammunition/ fuel to the front.
        
        Maintenance. Repairs must be carried out as far forward as tactically feasible. This reduces the demands on the evacuation facilities, and permits the return of combat equipment to the battle in the shortest possible time. The forward positioning of major assemblies will greatly assist in the battlefield repair of combat vehicles. In the main, vehicle maintenance will consist of the replacement of complete assemblies rather than repair. There will need to be a well-practiced system in place capable of restocking the system with assemblies.
        
        Medical Support. Medical units must be employed as far forward as the tactical situation allows. Plans must be flexible, since medical units are normally not held in reserve.
        
        Traffic Control. Control on routes will be important to ensure that the approach
        march, replenishment of committed forces, evacuation of casualties, and the
        deployment of reserves is not impeded. This will be particularly important at the
        crossing points for breached obstacles.
- - - - Find.
        Endures throughout an operation and involves locating, identifying, tracking and assessing a target, adversarial or otherwise.
        
        Reconnaissance
        
        Artillery (STA)
        
        UAV
      - Fix.
        Undertaken to deny an enemy's freedom of action while preserving or increasing our own ability to manoeuvre.
        
        Artillery
      - Exploit.
        Implicit; involves the seizure of an opportunity to achieve a higher commander's objective, or fulfill part of his intent, directly.
      - Strike.
        Undertaken through offensive activities on the physical or psychological planes, or a combination of the two.
    - - (1) To attack is to take offensive action against a specified objective. The primary purpose of an attack is to destroy the adversary's capability to resist. An attack may be a separate operation or may be carried out in conjunction with other types of operations. A commander undertaking an attack possesses the initiative, in that he decides the location, time, direction and weight of combat power to be concentrated. Once the attack is launched, flexibility and speed in the employment of combat power are paramount. The attack must be executed vigorously, exploiting any favourable developments and reallocating resources to areas where there appears to be an opportunity for success. Momentum must be maintained in order to keep the adversary off balance, and the attack must not be delayed in order to align units or adhere rigidly to a plan. Indeed, few attacks will develop as planned and commanders must actively seek to turn unexpected successes to their advantage and to cope rapidly to reverses. To be able to do this they must be well informed.
        (2) The requirement for flexibility demands simple plans, adjustable fire support, engineers well positioned, reserves uncommitted and close at hand, and sustainment options flexible enough to be adjusted to support the offensive operation. Each discrete attack should not be viewed as its own entity, but as part of the continuous process to break the adversary's cohesion. Commanders should be planning to exploit success well before they have achieved it.
        (3) An attack is often preceded by an advance to contact and seeks to seize and maintain the initiative. Additionally, a hasty attack may occur as a result of a meeting engagement. Counterattacks are also employed by a defending force to exploit opportunities to strike the adversary at a decisive time and place in order to defeat him. Assuming that the attack has been successful, the force will consolidate, and if possible, exploit success through continued offensive action.