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Atypical Behaviour :check: (Watson & Rayner study (RESULTS (7 pairings…
Atypical Behaviour
:check:
Key Concepts
Typical Behaviour
Atypical Behaviour
Phobia
Agrophobia
School Phobia
Social Phobia
Acrophobia
Arachnophobia
Behaviourism
Stimulus generalisation
Phobia transferred to similar stimuli e.g. flying insects
Operant Conditioning
(Learning by consequences)
Strengthens phobias
When faced with feared object, behaviour can reinforce the phobia
Fleeing object provides relief = REWARDING so more likely to avoid fear in future
Staying with object causes panic = punishment so less likely to face fear in future
Criticisms
*Ignores mind and thinking behind behaviour
e.g. two people can have same experience and only one has a phobia the other is more rational*
*Assumes we need direct experience with feared object
but phobias can be picked up by children through observation*
*Cannot explain phobia of objects we have no contact with
e.g. snakes in UK*
Classical Conditioning
(Learning by association)
Explains onset of phobias
Neutral Stimulus
(e.g. bee) = no response
NS + unconditioned stimulus
(e.g. sting) =
unconditioned response
(pain + fear)
Bee becomes the
conditioned stimulus
(CS)
CS (Bee without sting) =
conditioned response
(fear)
Evolutionary Theory
Instinctive
Biological Preparedness to fear certain objects (not necessarily born with phobias)
Fear thing which threaten survival
Passed down from evolutionary ancestors
Watson & Rayner study
AIM
: See if a phobia can be conditioned in infant
PROCEDURE:
Paired NS (white rat) with UCS -
took place 7 times!
Sample
: Little Albert
Found
neutral
and
unconditioned
stimulus
- ONLY METAL BAR AND HAMMER PRODUCED FEAR - UCS.
CONCLUSION:
Classical conditioning does work in creating a phobia
Limitations
Sample size
Lacked Ecological Validity
Experiment was unethical
RESULTS
7 pairings caused fear when presented with rat
5 days later fear still existed
10 days later fear still present but less severe
1 month later = mild fear. Albert removed by mum.
Applications
Flooding
Facing their worst fears head on
Had them calm down while they were still in the presence of phobia. This causes them to form a new association
Systematic Desensitisation
Hierachy