Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Psychology Revision NOTES (SCLOA (SAQ (Explain the use of compliance…

- - - - Social level of analysis (SCLOA) is is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and thus behaviours are influences by actual, implied or imagined presence of others. Attribution is a theory developed by Heider (1958) it is state that human are naïve scientists and we are trying to find cause and reason of the other person behaviour because of our curious about other person or their behaviour, also for our own purpose. There are two types factor in attribution are dispositional attribution (internal factors) caused by something within the person (personality) and situation attribution (external factors) caused by something outside the person could say it is a situation. One of error of this theory is the self-serving bias (SSB) which mean that if you make or do something good you will say that you make it by yourself but if you fails on it you will blame it to situation factors (external factors). For example: You got a low score in your test you will blame it to you teacher did not teach you well or that day was you bad day, bad luck. Further more, other have suggested that the SSB occurs when people don’t have enough information and limit themselves to the available information.
    - - Social level of analysis (SCLOA) is is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and thus behaviours are influences by actual, implied or imagined presence of others. Bandura (1997) suggested social learning theory (SLT) as an extension of existing learning theories (classical and operant conditioning). SLT is based on the assumption that people can learn behaviours, attitudes, emotional reactions and norms through direct experiences but also through observing other humans (models). Four important factors in SLT are attention as pay attention to the model is a condition for learning. Retention as remembering what the model did is a condition for imitating the model’s behavior. Reproduction is people must have capacity nor skills for imitating behavior and last one is motivation as people must be motivated to imitate behaviour. Charlton et at (2002) is one of studies to support social learning theory information above. Aim of the study was to investigate where children in St. Helena would exhibit more aggressive behavior after the introduction of television to the island in 1995. Procedure of it was the study have done in a natural experiment. Children from age 3 to 8 years were observed before and after the introduction of television through cameras set up in the playgrounds of two primary school on the island. The level of aggression in television matched what children in the UK were exposed to. The researchers also conducted interviews with teachers, parents and some of older students. Results come out as there was no increase in aggressive or antisocial behavior.
    - - Social level of analysis (SCLOA) is is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and thus behaviours are influences by actual, implied or imagined presence of others. Stereotypes are a sailent part of social and cultural environment. We learn them through daily interactions, conversations and through the media. To some extent based on individual experiences but cultural and social factors also play a role such as stereotypes are contextualized and not simply the results of individual cognitive processing. Stereotypes can be shared by large sociocultural groups as social representations. Katz and Braley (1933) is a specific example for stereotypes. Aim of the study is to investigated whether traditional social stereotypes has a cultural basis or not. Procedure of it is the experts asking 100 male students from Princeton University to choose five traits that characterized difference ethnic groups for example: Americans, Jews, Japanese, Negroes from a list of 84 words. The results showed considerable agreement in stereotypes, especially of negative traits. 84% of the students said that Negroes were superstitious and 79% said that Jew were shrewd. They were very positive towards their own group (ingroup bias). Since most of the students did not have any personal contact with members of the ethnic groups they had to rate, it was suggested that stereotypes are learned.
    - - Compliance is the act of responding favourably to an implicit or explicit request by others. Compliance techniques are the ways individuals use to make other individuals comply with their request or desires, the success of compliance techniques is based on principles like reciprocity, commitment and self- consistency/self-perception. There are five principles leading to compliance, first one is reciprocity says that we are likely to return favours or feel indebted if someone gave us a gift. The second principle is scarcity prove that objects or something that scarce are more wanted for example: Last minute sales. The third principle is commitment says that once we have committed to a small thing we are likely to continue with it. Fourth principle is linking says that we are more willing to say yes with someone that we like for example: A guy you like ask you to hangout with him on the weekend you will accept it even you know that you work to due on next week. Fifth principle is consensus have proves that we are more will to say yes if we know that people around us are also say yes, it is show that we tend to follow the group.
      - Compliance is a type of social influence where an individual does what someone else wants them to do, following his or her request or suggestion. It is similar to obedience, but there is no order – only a request. The foot in the door technique (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) assumes agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request. So, initially you make a small request and once the person agrees to this they find it more difficult to refuse a bigger one. For example, imagine one of your friends missed the last psychology class and asked to borrow your notes. This is a small request that seems reasonable, so you lend the notes to your friend. A week later, the same friend asks to borrow all of your psychology notes. This is large request – would you agree or not? The foot-in-the-door technique works on the principle of consistency (Petrova et al, 2007). This means that as long as the request in consistent with or similar in nature to the original small request, the technique will work. Sherman (1980) called residents in Indiana (USA) and asked them if, hypothetically, they would volunteer to spend 3 hours collecting for the American Cancer Society. Three days later, a second experimenter called the same people and actually requested help for this organization. Of those responding to the earlier request, 31% agreed to help. This is much higher than the 4% of a similar group of people who volunteered to help when approached directly.
    - - Social level of analysis (SCLOA) is is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and thus behaviours are influences by actual, implied or imagined presence of others. Attribution is a theory developed by Heider (1958) it is state that human are naïve scientists and we are trying to find cause and reason of the other person behaviour because of our curious about other person or their behaviour, also for our own purpose. There are two types factor in attribution are dispositional attribution (internal factors) caused by something within the person (personality) and situation attribution (external factors) caused by something outside the person could say it is a situation. One of error of this theory is the self-serving bias (SSB) which mean that if you make or do something good you will say that you make it by yourself but if you fails on it you will blame it to situation factors (external factors). For example: You got a low score in your test you will blame it to you teacher did not teach you well or that day was you bad day, bad luck. Further more, other have suggested that the SSB occurs when people don’t have enough information and limit themselves to the available information. Second one is the fundamental attribution error (FAE) it occur when people are care more about internal factors than external factors.