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AUDI 577 midterm review (MUSCLES (INTRINSIC Muscles of the Larynx…

- - - - pterygoid process of sphenoid
    - - cheekbone
        
        Greek zygoma, from zygon "yoke" (see jugular). So called because it connects the bones of the face with those of the skull about the ear.
    - - from Greek UPSILON
        Modern Latin hyoides
        think French /y/
      - Greater Horn VIA LIGAMENT
    - - temperomandibular joint
      - Styloid Process # #
        
        Greek Stylos = PILLAR
    - - condyloid process
        
        from Greek kondylos "a knuckle,"
        think right hook????
      - ramus
      - angle
      - mental foramen
      - mandibular foramen
    - - Maxillary Palatal Arch
    - - coronoid process
        tiny triangle, chewing muscles attach
        
        think
        crowns (i.e. on ur molars)??????
  - - - CN1 Optic Nerve
      - CN II Olfactory Nerve
      - CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve
      - CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve
      - CN X Vagus Nerve
        
        theos 'bout taste sensation ont epiglottis
      - CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
      - CN III Occulomotor Nerve
      - CN IV Trochlear Nerve
      - CN V Trigeminal Nerve
        
        [3] mandibular nerve
        is the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve
        
        INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE #
        or inferior dental nerve
        PASSES BEHIND Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
        Sensation to lower Molars #
        
        from a modern medical use of Latin ALVEOLUS "socket, SMALL HOLLOW or CAVITY"
        "pertaining to the SOCKETS of the TEETH," but also to OTHER HOLLOWS
        
        anterior division
        
        lateral pterygoid nerve #
        
        MAIN trunk
        
        medial pterigoid nerve
        ONLY MUSCLE OF MASTICATION
        NOT INNERVATED BY ANTERIOR DIVISION of CN V #
      - CN VI Vestibulocochlear Nerve
      - CN VII Facial Nerve
        
        http://ranzcrpart1.wikia.com/wiki/Temporal_bone:Facial_nerve?file=Facial-nerve-anatomy.jpg
        
        Auricular
        
        temporal
        
        zygomatic
        
        buccal
        
        mandibular
        muscles of the lower lip and chin, and communicating with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.
      - CN VIII Abducens
      - sensory
      - motor
      - mixed
      - as yet undefined
      - BRAINSTEM
        
        nucleus ambiguous
  - - - from Latin incisus
        to CUT
- - - - Atlas
      - infra hyoid
        tho ta alternative theos tt say maybe involved inswxg
- - - - **Opens Jaw
        **protrudes mandible IS CONNECTED TO THE
    - - Closes Jaw
  - - - myasthenia Gravis
        cn b txd w removal o t thymus gland (wch is int chest)
  - - - posterior cricoarythenoid
        ABDuction
        via a hinge effect
        both contact the same point on the arythenoids
        but pull from the opposite direction
        pulls on muscular process FROM BEHIND to ABDUCT
        
        from behind to abduct
        that's dark but it works lol
      - LATeral cricoarythenoid
        ADDuction
        
        like via a hinge effect
        https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/respiratorysystem/larynx/intrinsicmuscles/tutorial.html
        pulls on muscular process
        more FROM THE FRONT
        pp
    - - Vocalis or "vocal muscle"
        are PART OF the thyroarythenoid are the DEEP FIBERS of thyroarythenoid
        are ATTACHED directly to the vocal ligament form a TRIANGULAR BAND
        are ALSO ATTACHED to the vocal process ot the arythenoids
        MODIFIES the ELASTICITY of the vocal folds
        #
        
        The vocal ligaments are two bands enclosed within the vocal folds. They consist of elastic tissue. Anteriorly the vocal ligament is connected to the posterior side of the thyroid cartilage, and posteriorly the vocal ligament is connected to the arytenoid cartilage.
      - False vocal folds, ventricular folds, vestibular folds
        pocket next to airway
      - UPPER PORTION
        of the thyroarythenoids is called the Vocal Muscle
  - - - Stylohyoid Ligament
    - - Anterior Belly
      - Posterior Belly
        CN VII > Digastric branch
    - - Mylo Greek = Molar
- - - - relay center
        important for motor sp
        and swallowing
        has diag'c implications???
        lesions rarely isolated
        haemorrhage of PCA can cause
        results in contralateral
        hemianasthesia
        
        dyskinesias
        
        Ballism
        violent flailaing movemets
        
        NNNNNNN
        hyperkinetic dysa
        spasmotic dysphonia
        ADDuctor spasmotic dystonia
        sp symps
        duno hw to describe
        
        cn sometimes put ppl in ICU
        sudden loss o voice in sp
        
        NNNNNNN
        hyperkietic vs spastic
        hoarse and strained either way
        dffc bms apparent w sustained phonsn
        ondulation evident w hyperkinetic
        
        Posterior cerebral artery
        
        NNNNNN
        Aorta
        
        recurrent laryngeal nerve
        
        VPL
        Ventral Posterio-lateral
    - - basal ganglia control circuit
        caudate nucleus
        globus paladus
        substantia nigra
        putamen
        
        caudate
        
        imput from frontal lobes
        
        putamen
        input f other sy , audiy, visual areas o cortex
        
        excitatiry circuit
        
        inhibitory circuit
        
        inhibitory circuit
        
        globus palladus
        association cortex - striatum > inhibit GPi in order to excite thalamus and ultimately motor cortex
        excites STN, excites
        
        exterior GPe
        
        interior GPi
        
        Basal Ganglia fns
        
        facilitates and inhibits motors activity
        
        temp'l sequencing of movement
        
        memory
        (automatic?????)
        
        diskinesia is damage to indirect pathway wch moderates cortical signals
        vs resting tremor which is input directly f t "deep brain" wch is supposed to be inhibited by cortical signals
      - globus paladus
        excites thalamus
        if fails to excite thalamus,
        flow o sy info interrupted
      - Substantia Nigra
        EXCITES the direct pathway and INHIBITS the indirect pathway
        
        Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta
        ??generates??dopamine
        
        Globus Pallidus
        
        GP (meaning Globus Mother Fucking Pallidus) INT
        INHIBITS the thalamus INHIBITS
        
        Globus Pallidus Externus
        INHIBITS Sub-Thalamic Nucleus INHIBITS
        
        Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
      - Striatum
        "primary input" to the rest of the
        basal ganglia system
        contains "excitatory AND inhibitory neurons"
        without sufficient dopamine it therefore has a both effects in random ways?????
        = "Parkinsonian tremor"
        
        dorsal striatum
        
        Caudate nucleus
        whatchu Caudate nucleus??
        cortical input from motivation and association areas
        
        From LATIN CAUDA = TAIL
        
        Putamen
        Cortical input from
        Sensory
        audio and visual areas
        
        Ventral Striatum
        
        nucleus accumbens
        
        Olfactory tubercule
      - basal ganglia output to the Thalamus #
    - - Reticular formation
        spread out all over the brainstem
        communication 'tween interneurons
        
        Motor Nucleus of CN IX & X MOTOR MOTOR
  - - - motor abnormalities
        
        bradikinisia
        
        lbradi always refers to a slowing of sth
      - Txs
        L DOPA (DRUG)
        combined w carbidopa = Sinemet
        facilitates dopamine prodsn in the substantia nigra
        Pallidotomy (WHY????)
        Deep brain stimsn
        insertion o 1 oo more electrodes into t thalamus, GP, oo STN
        Fetal stem cell transplant
        (most o tse txs do n improve sp)
        
        too much dopamine
        intentional moevments are better
        but inhibitory aspect of the system is n wrking properly
        
        huntingtons kinsia
      - untreated
        tiny steps
        reduced arm swing
        dfky truning
        meds improve gait but cause diskinesias
        diskinesia wn ths are no longer inhibited by activated pathway
  - - - Pre-Frontal
        
        motivation areas #
      - MOTOR
        
        eye control center #
- - - - anterior
      - posterior