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Mapping the Brain (Electroencephalography (EEG)
Recording of the…
Mapping the Brain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Recording of the brain's electrical activity at the surface of the scalp.
Hans Berger
Has high temporal resolution, meaning it can detect very rapid changes in the overall electrical activity of the brain, occurring in the range of milliseconds.
Temporal Resolution
Temporal refers to time, resolution to the sharpness of the image
Used to study brain activity in normal brains, and in brains of individuals afflicted with schizophrenia, epilepsy and other psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Disadvantages: Show the averaged activity from many neurones that reaches the surface of the scalp, they have relatively low spatial resolution
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Technique that uses magnetic fields to visualise changes in blood oxygen levels due to brain activity.
Seiji Ogawa & Colleagues
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Has a spatial resolution of a few cubic millimetres, depending on the strength of the magnetic field.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualise brain structure.
Superior to CT Scans for soft tissues, such as brain tumours.
Shows structural detail by measuring the release of energy from water in biological tissues following exposure to a magnetic field.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Imaging technique that measures uptake of radioactive glucose molecules, yielding a picture of regional metabolic activity in different brain regions.
Martin Reivich & Colleagues
Requires the injection of radioactive glucose or other biologically active molecules. Radioactive elements are short-lived, so do little or no harm.
The scanner measures where in the brain most radioactive glucose molecules are taken up, to figure out which parts of the brain are most active during a psychological task.
Computed Tomography (CT)
A scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images.
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Magnetoencephalography
Measure of brain activity using magnetometers, which sense tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
Has better spatial resolution than the EEG, retains excellent temporal resolution, measuring changes millisecond to millisecond, rather than second to second.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Technique involving a coil that generates a magnetic field that can temporarily block or stimulate neural transmissions within a small brain area.
Anthony Barker & Colleagues
Allows manipulation of brain areas directly, and is therefore the only non-invasive brain-imaging technique that allows us to infer causation.
Phrenology
Assessing bumps on the head (skull) and attributing certain traits and abilities based on these bumps.
Joseph Gall