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HUMAN INTERFACE DESIGN (Accessibility (Simplicity Everyone can easily…

- - - - Predictability
        o Support for the user to determine the effect of future action based on past interaction history
        o Operation visibility (Can you see what you can do next?)
        o Recognition over recall
        o What happens when you click the mouse?
      - Synthesizability
        o Support for the user to assess the effect of past operations on the current state
        o User must have a mental model of the system
        o State changes should be visible to the user
        o Immediate/eventual honesty
      - Familiarity
        o The extent to which a user’s knowledge and experience in other real-world or computer-based domains can be applied when interacting with the system
        o Metaphors e.g. typewriter for word processor
        o Guessability
        o Perceived signifier: intrinsic properties that suggest how an object should be used (e.g. door handle). Affordance.
      - Generalisability
        o Support for the user to extend knowledge of specific interaction within, and across applications, to other similar situations
        o Ellipse > circle, so rectangle > square
        o Cut, copy, and paste
        o Guidelines and standards
      - Consistency
        o Likeness in input/output behaviour arising from similar situations or similar task objectives
        o Consistency is relative
        o Consistency applies everywhere
         It could be another usability principle
    - - Dialogue initiative
        o Allowing the user freedom from artificial constraints on the input dialog imposed by the system
        o System pre-emptive
         User has to respond to system for information (modal dialogues)
        o User pre-emptive
         User is free to do whatever she wants
         Too much freedom can be dangerous
      - Multi-threading
        o Ability of the system to support user interaction pertaining to more than one task at a time
        o Listening to a CD whilst word processing
      - Task migratability
        o The ability to pass control for the execution of a given task so that it becomes either internalised by the user or system or shared between them
        o Telephone ring back
      - Substitutivity
        o Allowing equivalent values of input and output to be arbitrarily substituted for each other
        o Inches, centimetres, points etc. equally good
        o Representation multiplicity
         Digital or analogue clock
        o Equal opportunity
         Inputs are outputs and vice versa
         Spreadsheet cells
        o System must not impose method on the user
      - Customisability
        o Modifiability of the user interface by the user of the system
        o Personalisation
        o “Toothbrush” model, i.e. don’t share
        o Adaptability
         User control over buttons, names etc.
        o Adaptivity
         System automatically customises
    - - Observability
        o Ability of the user to evaluate the internal state of the system from its perceivable representation
        o Defaults
        o Reachability
        Can you get there from here?
        o Persistence
        Reminders
      - Recoverability
        o Ability of the user to take corrective action once an error has been recognised
        o Forward error recovery
        o Backward error recovery
        Undo, undelete
        o Commensurate effort
        If it’s hard to undo it should be hard to do
      - Responsiveness
        o How the user perceives the rate of communication with the system
        o Stability: same operation, same time
        o As fast as possible (most of the time)
      - Task conformance
        o The degree to which the system services support all of the tasks the user wants to perform and in the way that she understands them
        o Task completeness
        Can you do everything you want to do?
        o Task adequacy
        Can you do it the way you want to do it?
        o New tools may suggest new tasks