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Central Nervous System (CNS) (Cerebral Cortex Is divided into two…
Central Nervous System
(CNS)
Cerebral Cortex
Is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) but is only a few millimetres thick and composed of Grey Matter
Parietal Lobe
Processes touch information, integrates vision and touch, perception
Somatosensory Cortex
Receives data about sensations in skin, muscles and joints
Damage to this lobe can result in the neglect of the opposite side of the body from where the damage has occurred
Integrates visual and touch inputs with motor outputs every time we reach, grasp and move our eyes
Frontal Lobe
Performs executive functions that coordinate other brain areas, motor planning, language and memory
Located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere
Separated from the Parietal Lobe by the Central Sulcus
Separated from the Temporal Lobe by the Lateral Fissure
Primary Motor Cortex
Generates signals responsible for voluntary movements
Broca's Area
Languages area in the left prefrontal cortex that helps control speech production
Prefrontal Cortex
Responsible for the coordination of thinking, planning, and language
Associated with various aspects of behaviour and personality
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information
Primary Visual Cortex
Receives nerve impulses from the visual thalamus
Visual Association Cortex
Analyses visual data to form images
Temporal Lobe
Processes auditory information, language and autobiographical memory
Auditory Association Cortex
Analyses data about sound, so that we can recognise words or melodies
Wernicke's Area
Interprets written and spoken language
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Partly contained in the lower parietal lobe
Damage to this area can result in difficulties understanding speech, leading to a speech deficit characterised by disorganised speech
Primary Auditory Cortex
Detects discrete qualities of sound, such as pitch and volume
Lateral Fissure
Separates the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal Lobe
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Central Sulcus
Separates the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe
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Spinal Cord
Conveys information between the brain and the rest of the body
Conveys information between the brain and the rest of the body
Protected by:
Meninges
- 3 layers of membranes
Cerebral Ventricles
Fluid filled pockets containing
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Provides nutrients to Brain and Spinal Cord
Cushions against injury in everyday life
Spinal Reflexes
Sensory Neurons & Nerves
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Originate from
Sensory Neurons
located next to the Spinal Cord and receive information from Sensory Nerves
Motor Neurons & Nerves
Motor Neurons contacted by Sensory Neurons send messages through the Motor Nerves, causing muscles to contract
Interneurons
Contacted by Sensory Neurons, these neurons stimulate Motor Neurons
Reflex
Automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus like muscle stretch
Brainstem
Connects with the forebrain and contains the:
Pons
Located in the Hindbrain and conveys information between the cortex and the cerebellum
Medulla
Located in the Hindbrain and controls breathing, reflexes, maintaining an upright posture. The spinal cord enters the skull here.
Also controls nausea and vomiting.
Serious damage to this area can cause brain death
Brain Death
Irreversible coma, showing no organised neural activity (flat EEG) and no brain response even to ordinarily very painful stimuli.
Persistent Vegetative State
Also cortical death. Deep structures in the brain controlling heart rate, respiration, digestion and certain reflexive responses are still operating, but higher cerebral structures are damaged permanently.
Midbrain
Tracks visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
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Connects to the forebrain and cerebral cortex
Group of neurons that play a key role in arousal
Damage to this area can result in coma
The pathways from the RAS activate the cortex by increasing the
signal-to-noise
ratio
Stimulant drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) appear to increase the
signal-to-noise ratio
in the prefrontal cortex.
Cerebellum
Part of the Hindbrain that coordinates motor movement and balance
Part of the Hindbrain
Contributes to executive, memory, spatial and linguistic abilities.
Corpus Callosum
Band of fibres that connects both hemispheres
Limbic System
Emotional centre of the brain that also plays a role in smell, motivation and memory
Amygdala
Regulates arousal, excitement, and fear
Hippocampus
Processes memory for spatial locations (the memory of the physical layout of things in our envrionment)
Damage to this area can create issues forming new memories, but leaves old ones intact
Multiple Trace Theory
Memories are initially stored in multiple sites. Over time, storage becomes stronger at some sites but weaker at others. This implies that memories aren't transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex. instead, memories are already stored in the cortex and merely strengthen over time.
Hypothalamus
Oversees endocrine and autonomic nervous system
Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual motivation, or other emotional behaviours
Controls body temperature
Thalamus
Acts as a node through which different cortical regions may interact and regulate the activities of other cortical regions
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Processes information about our internal states
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Respiration
Perspiration
Emotions
Basal Ganglia
Controls movement and motor planning
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Damage to this area contributes to Parkinson's disease, resulting in a lack of control over movement and uncontrollable tremors. Tourette's Disorder is also associated
After processing sensory information, the cerebral cortex informs the basal ganglia, which in turn calculate a course of action and transmit that plan to the motor cortex
Also responsible for making sure our movements help us obtain rewards