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Effects of Alcohol & Nicotine on the Body (NICOTINE (Whole Organism…
Effects of Alcohol & Nicotine on the Body
NICOTINE
Whole Organism
Increased
heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Decreased skin temperature
Arousal & relaxation
Increase
catecholamines
level in blood
Increase free fatty acids
Cellular level
Increased synthesis & release of hormones
Activation of
tyrosine hydroxylase
(catecholamine biosynthesis)
Induction of oxidative stress
Activation of transcription factors
Body Systems
Brain
Nicotine has a similar structure to Ach
Binds to cholinergic (nicotinic) receptors at autonomic ganglia, adrenal gland & CNS
Stimulation
of
autonomic ganglia
& peripheral
sensory receptors
Peripheral Effects
Increase Heart rate
Increase Cardiac output
Increase Arterial pressure
Reduction in GI motility
Sweating
Inhibition at Parasympathetic Nervous System
Releases
Acetylcholine
Cholinergic
receptors
Relaxes smooth &
cardiac muscles
after sympathetic stimulation
Controls GI secretions & motility
Urination
Defaecation
Sexual function
Stimulates
Somatic Motor Nervous System
Vasodilation in skeletal muscle causing a relaxing effect (NMJ)
Activation at Sympathetic Nervous System
Releases
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic
receptors
Responds to
stressful
situations
Increase cardiac function
Mobilise body energy stores
Sweat glands & Blood vessels
Autonomic Nervous System regulates
Rate (chronotropic) & Force (inotropic) of heart contraction
Secretions of exocrine glands: Sweat, Bronchial, Salivary
Vascular smooth muscle & thus blood pressure
ACTS LIKE NEUROTRANSMITTER ACETYLCHOLINE
BINDS TO RECEPTORS ON ADRENAL MEDULLA RELEASING NOREPINEPHRINE
ALCOHOL
Cutaneous Vasodilation
Diuresis & Dehydration
Inhibition of ADH
Increases Gastric secretion
Gastritis
Inhibits Gastric motility
Causing Diarrhoea
Central Nervous System
Slurred speech
Alcohol affects
glutamate
system
Increased confidence
Euphoria
Cerebellum (Brain)
This region is important in co-ordination & adjusting the movement of muscles & joints
Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
Brings about depressing effect
Inhibits transmitter release by inhibiting the opening of voltage-dependent Ca channels preventing depolarization
Relaxation & Drowsiness
Relaxation & Drowsiness
Inhibits the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate
Increases Blood Pressure
Pathophysiology
Pancreatitis
Liver Cirrhosis
Brain Damage
Gastritis
Alcohol Dependance
Memory loss