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Programming (Code (Iterations (loops) (WHILE loop (var a = 1; while (a…

- - - - JavaScript and other C-based languages
        
        if (condition) {
        code block
        }
        
        Complex Conditions
        
        if (condition) {
        action if true
        } else {
        action if false
        }
        
        if (condition) {
        action if true ;
        if (new condition) {
        action if true ;
        }
        } else {
        action if false;
        }
        
        int x = (expr) ? 5 : 6;
        
        int x;
        if (expr) {
        x = 5;
        }
        else
        {
        x = 6;
        }
        
        if (condition1) {
        action if condition1 is true
        } else if (condition2) {
        action if condition2 is true
        } else if (condition3) {
        action if condition3 is true
        } else {
        action if all false
        }
      - Conditions
        
        TRUE
        
        FALSE
    - - switch ( var ) {
        case value1:
        action1;
        break;
        case value2:
        action2;
        break;
        case value3:
        action3;
        break;
        default:
        action if false;
        }
  - - - Modules, Subroutines, Subprograms, Routines, Methods
        
        It is simply the idea of taking a block of code, wrapping it up, and giving it a name so that you can call it later. And you treat this block of code as one thing
      - To create a function we take the code that we want to enclose and surround it with braces to create a Code Block. And whatever is inside that code block is called the Body of the Function.
        
        function myFunction () { code block;
        }
        
        (argument) — these say whether this function expects to have data passed into it. In this case, empty parentheses means no, it doesn't
        
        a parameter is a special kind of variable, used in a subroutine to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine. These pieces of data are called arguments. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a subroutine, so that, each time the subroutine is called, its arguments for that call can be assigned to the corresponding parameters.
      - To call a function
        
        myFunction();
        
        Recursion — when function calls itself
      - Example: alert("Hello, world!");
        
        Calling a build-in alert function, passing in a parameter
  - - - var a = 1;
        while (a < 10) {
        alert(a);
        }
        
        Infinite loop
      - var a = 1;
        while (a < 10) {
        alert(a);
        a++;
        }
        
        loop while a < 10
        
        var a = 1;
        setup index
        
        (a < 10) check condition
        
        a++;
        increment index
    - - for (var a = 1; a < 10; a++;) {
        code block;
        }
    - - var a = 1;
        do {
        code block;
        a++;
        } while (a < 10);
        
        Will always happen at least once
- - - - Translated by the chip, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) (Центральный процессор)
      - Real instructions that run directly on a computer hardware
      - Numerical operations
  - - - Assembly Language (Язык ассемблера)
        
        Closest to the Machine code
      - Low-Level Languages
        
        More you have to know about the actual hardware
        
        More difficult to write
        
        Examples
        
        C
        
        Characteristics
        
        not object-oriented
        
        low-level, compiled, strongly typed
        
        intermediate–advanced
        
        What's it used for?
        
        everything
        
        games, utilities, embedded systems, operating systems
        
        not typical desktop / web / mobile apps
        
        Getting started
        
        Website
        
        gcc.gnu.org
        
        Book
        
        The C Programming Language ("K&R")
        
        Compiler
        
        GCC, many IDE's
      - High-Level Languages (Высокоуровневые языки программирования)
        
        Easier to write and to share even across different platforms
        
        Slower when running, because these langs aren't necessarily optimized directly down to the CPU level
        
        Examples
        
        JavaScript, ActionScript
        
        Ruby, Python
        
        Ruby
        
        Getting started
        
        Editor / IDE
        
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        Websites
        
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        Characteristics
        
        high-level, interpreted, garbage collected
        
        object-oriented
        
        beginner–intermediate
        
        What's it used for?
        
        web apps: Ruby on Rails
        
        cross-platform
        
        utilities
        
        Python
        
        Characteristics
        
        object-oriented, large library
        
        high-level, interpreted, garbage collected, strongly typed
        
        beginner–intermediate
        
        Getting started
        
        Editor / IDE
        
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        Website
        
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        What's it used for?
        
        cross-platform
        
        web apps
        
        embedded scripting language
        
        Java, C#, VB.NET
        
        Java
        
        Characteristics
        
        object-oriented, huge library (Java Class Library)
        
        high-level, hybrid compilation, strongly typed, garbage collected
        
        intermediate
        
        What's it used for?
        
        cross-platform (write once, run anywhere)
        
        desktop applications
        
        mobile applications (android)
        
        Getting started
        
        Compiler / IDE
        
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        Website
        
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    - - General Purpose Programming Languages that run directly on Operating system
        
        C++, Java, C#, Objective-C
      - Scripting Languages that are more limited languages that are embedded inside another program
        
        ActionScript (in Flash), VBScript (in MS Office)
        
        JavaScript (In web browser)
        
        Working with DOM (Document Object Model)
        
        Document — webpage
        
        Object — pieces
        
        Model — agreed upon set of terms
      - Memory management
        
        Persistence support — meaning that we could close the program and that data would still be on the drive or in the database or in the cloud
        
        ↑ Manual memory management for Low-Level Languages
        
        ↑ Reference Counting
        
        ↑ Garbage Collection for High-Level Languages
        
        ↑ Automatic
      - Multithreading
    - - Strongly typed languages (Сильно типизированные языки)
        
        Languages that require saying what type of container it is and what it can hold. You must decide beforehand what type of data it's going to store. And once you've chosen it you are not allowed to change it
        
        Have an advantage by providing internal rules that stop a lot of common errors from happening
      - Weakly typed languages (Слабо типизированные языки)
        
        We just create a generic variable, an empty container, and then we can simply put whatever type of value we want in it
        
        No guarantee that the variable you think you have contains the right type of data
        
        Examples
        
        JavaScript
      - Duck typed languages (Неявная типизация, латентная типизация или утиная типизация)
- - - - Compiling the source code
        
        Compiled Language
        
        you write your source code
        
        then you have a program called a compiler that will go through that source code and create a separate file that contains the machine code
        
        you give me that file
        
        This end result is sometimes referred to as an executable or an executable file because I can directly execute it.
        
        You keep your source code and I never see it.
        
        I can now just run your program.
        
        Benefits
        
        often faster
        
        source code is private
        
        ready to run
        
        Downsides
        
        not cross-platform
        
        inflexible
        
        extra step every time you want to test your program
        
        Examples
        
        C, C++, Objective-C
      - Interpreting the source code
        
        Interpreted Language
        
        You don't compile your source code beforehand. You just give me a copy of it.
        
        So I'll need my machine to interpret it whenever I want to run your program.
        
        Interpreter is different to a compiler. It does this on-the-fly.
        
        It does not save it as a separate machine code file.
        
        We can think of it as going through your source code line by line and processing it on the spot.
        
        Now, you've used interpreted languages even if you don't know it.
        
        Benefits
        
        cross-platform
        
        simpler to test
        
        easier to debug
        
        Downsides
        
        interpreter required
        
        often slower
        
        source code is public
        
        Examples
        
        PHP, JavaScript (most languages with the word script at the end)
      - Intermediate Hybrid Approach / Intermediate Language / Bytecode
        
        Examples
        
        Java, C#, VB.NET
        
        partly compiles one, which takes it as far along the way to machine code as it can get while still being portable often across platforms.
        
        You then distribute this, sending it to the people who need to run it, and each person who runs it takes it the last step to take it to machine code on their computers.
        
        This is sometimes referred to as Just-In-Time or JIT compilation
  - - - Cause things to happen; used to manipulate and work with variables
      - Types of operators
        
        Arithmetic 1
        
        +
        
        -
        
        *
        
        /
        
        %
        
        modulus operator — gives us the remainder (остаток) when the number on the left of the operator is divided by by the number on the right
        
        Arithmetic 2
        
        -=
        
        *=
        
        +=
        
        /=
        
        Arithmetic 3
        
        ++ (Increment operator)
        
        -- (Decrement operator)
        
        Assignment
        
        = is setting the variable to the value. this is a command
        
        Comparison
        
        Equality (relational operators)
        
        !=
        
        ==
        
        is one thing equal to another thing?
        (123 == "123" — true)
        
        ===
        
        strict equality — makes sure that not only do we have the values the same but the types of data too (123 === "123" — false)
        
        !==
        
        >=
        
        <
        
        >
        
        <=
        
        Logical AND / OR
        
        a === b && c === d (and)
        
        true if and only if both operands are true, otherwise false
        
        a === b || c === d (or)
        
        true if and only if at least one operand is true, otherwise false
        
        ! (not)
        
        inverts the value of its operand
      - Operator Precedence (Приоритет операций)
        
        Simply meaning that some of the operator symbols are treated as more important than others
    - - Creating variable, we defining a container to hold a value or data
        
        Types of Data
        
        Integer (whole number without anything after the decimal point)
        
        Целое, целочисленный тип данных, в информатике — один из простейших и самых распространённых типов данных в языках программирования. Служит для представления целых чисел.
        
        int (%i) in C
        
        Always take up 4 bytes of memory (32 bits). This means the range of values they can store is necessarily limited to 32 bits worth of information
        
        unsigned int — unsigned is a qualifier that can be applied to certain types (including int), which effectively doubles the positive range of variables of that type, at the cost of disallowing any negative values
        
        Floating-Point Number (real number)
        
        float (%f) in C
        
        Always take up 4 bytes of memory (32 bits).
        
        double in C are double precision
        
        Always take up 8 bytes of memory (64 bits).
        
        Single Character
        
        сhar in C, must be in 'single quotes'
        
        Always take up 1 byte of memory (8 bits). This means the range of values they can store is necessarily limited to 8 bits worth of information
        
        String (Multiple Characters)
        
        Goes inside of quotes. "Like this" or 'Like this', but you can't mix them. Ex.: "He said \"that's fine,\" and left"
        
        Properties
        
        Examples
        
        .length (global property)
        
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        Addition vs. concatenation
        
        Addition
        
        var a = 5; var b = 5; alert(a + b); // 10
        
        Concatenation
        
        var a = "5"; var b = "5"; alert(a + b); // 55
        
        var a = 5; var b = "5"; alert(a + b); // 55
        
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        var a = 5; var b = "b"; alert(a * b); // NaN
        
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        Methods
        
        Examples
        
        alert(phrase.toUpperCase() );
        
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        phrase.indexOf("word");
        
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        .test
        
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        They are like functions that belong to an object
        
        someObject.someMethod(); // to call a method
        
        Regular Expressions
        
        Built into many programming languages sequences of characters that describe and can match patterns and strings
        
        HowTo
        
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        Creating Patterns
        
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        Boolean value(true/false)
        
        bool in C
        
        ! every nonzero value is equivalent to true, and zero is false
        
        Undefined — variable without giving it a value
        
        void is a type, but not data type
        
        Functions can have a void return type, which just means they don't return a value
        
        The parameter list of a function cal also be void. It simple means the function takes no parameters
        
        Like placeholder for nothing
        
        Arrays
        
        An array is a collection of values all wrapped up and given a name
        
        In an array each individual value, often referred to as an element, has a number, an index that identifies where it is in the array.
        
        In JavaScript arrays are zero-based, so the first slot has an index of 0
        
        Creating Array
        
        var multipleValues = []; multipleValues[0] = 50; multipleValues[1] = 10; multipleValues[2] = "Hello";
        
        var multipleValues = [ 50,10,"Hello" ];
        
        Calling Array
        
        alert(multipleValues[1]); // Hello
        
        Properties
        
        .length
        
        length is 3 (there are 3 elements in it), but the highest index is 4
        
        Methods
        
        .reverse
        
        .sort
        
        .join
        
        .pop
        
        remove + return(?)
        
        .push
        
        add
        
        Arrays Size
        
        Mutable Object
        
        It can mutate, change (JavaScript)
        
        Immutable Object
        
        Cannot change after it's been created
        
        Associative Array (Dictionary, Map, Table)
      - Variable Scope
        
        Defines where the variable is visible, who can see it and who can use it
        
        Local Scope
        
        Variables declared inside the functions are referred to as local variables
        
        If you define a variable inside the function that variable is only available inside that function
        
        Global Scope
        
        Variables declared outside the functions are referred to as global variables
- - - - Statements
        
        They use words, numbers, and punctuation to express one thought, one individual piece
        
        Exactly what words, numbers, and punctuation you use depends on the programming language.
        
        Understanding the rules of each language is understanding the syntax of a programming language
        
        Syntax — How you must write a code
        
        the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be a correctly structured document or fragment in that language.
        
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        Programming style
        
        How you should and shouldn't write code. It's things like what should you call your variables, what's the best place to put your curly braces, what should you call your functions, and where should they go in your code.
        
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        OOP
        
        Terms
        
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        Examples
        
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        Object-Oriented Languages
        
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        Plain Text
        
        Editors
        
        Text Editors
        
        Line Numbers
        
        Color Coding
        
        Syntax Checking
        
        IDEs (Integrated Development Environments)
        
        Examples
        
        Xcode
        
        Eclipse
        
        Visual Studio
        
        a statement is the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out. It is an instruction written in a high-level language that commands the computer to perform a specified action. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement may have internal components (e.g., expressions).
    - - Computational Complexity
      - Sorting Algorithms
        
        Selection Sort
        
        Bubble Sort
        
        Insertion Sort
      - Search Algorithms
        
        Linear search
        
        Binary search