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Methods of Psychology (WUNDT (1832-1920) (Goals: (make psychology an…
Methods of Psychology
WUNDT (1832-1920)
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Goals:
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The elements could be explained by experimentation, but the laws or higher processes could not be explained by experimentation
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worked together with Külpe for years, but he turned out to oppose his theories
on the grounds of imageless thought --> it is very hard to explain your thinking out loud (e.g. the action is automatic).
Elements of thought
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quality (color, saturation, hue)
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Voluntarism
people can voluntarily decide what to attend to, but that there is no free will (just the illusion of it). Wundt was deterministic.
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JAMES
Pragmatism--> if an idea works, it is valid
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The self
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2.social self-how people view you, you have as many social selfs as you have people that you know)
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GALTON
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Nature vs nurture
Galton revised his nativist idea by saying that people have a
certain potential but that their environment (education) can influence to what point they will get
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Statistics:
invented the correlation, median , designed the first
scatterplot and came up with the idea of regression to the mean
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Mental imagery
ability to imagine was normally distributed. Some can vividly imagine while others aren’t
able to imagine at all
INTROSPECTION
ooking into your own mind and reporting what you discover. It is a kind of observation of the contents on consciousness or self-observation
De Groot-
If subjects delay their report until after they have completed the task, they may forget what has happened and memory error may creep in
Ericsson
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Ericsson and Simon
- Information may be unavailable to short-term memory
- There may be failure to report the content of short-term memory when there is high cognitive load or when the task is
interrupted
- Retrieval from long-term memory may be incomplete or error prone
Skinner has frequently remarked on the ambiguity of private information
that is communicated by the subject
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At best introspection reports are incomplete, at worst it will give misleading results
protocol, + high reliability
You can standardize:
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The existence and nature of any intermediate process (e.g. does the information come from the short/long-term memory,
requires recoding etc.)
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The external validity can be improved by application of public criterion as a check on the accuracy of reports
Introspection today
Introspection can be useful when reporting topics like pain syndromes or perception. You can also use it to find the meaning of dreams and in the cognitive psychology
FREUD (1842-1910)
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ID (natural drifts, like hunger, need for sex etc.), ego and superego
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introspection is a kind of free association that can only access conscious thought #
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Nativist - knowledge inborn #