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Biology (Chapter 1 (Characteristics of Life (Reproduce, Consume Energy,…

- - - - Ask a question
        
        Form a hypothesis
        
        Make a prediction
        
        Do experiement
        
        Analyze results
        
        Form conclusions
        
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  - - - Peers review and discuss the results of an experiment to make sure the results are orginal and correct
    - - Four sections
        
        Introduction
        
        Materials and Methods
        
        Results
        
        Conclusion
    - - Take findings from other peer reviewed manuscrips and summarize them
  - - - Uses obervations to arrive at general principals
    - - Uses general principals to form predictions on what will occur
  - - - Knowledge just for knowledge sake
    - - Learning complex subjects to apply to real world problems (technology)
  - - - Organisms located on the branches, illustrate period of time
    - - Where a organism splits
  - - - Community
        
        Population
        
        Species
        
        Organism
        
        Organs
        
        Organ
        
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        System of organs working together within an organism
        
        All members of the same organism with a very similar composition
        
        Includes all living things of a certain species in a certain area
        
        Includes all living things in a certain area
      - Inculdes all living and non-living things in a certain area
  - - - Single celled
        
        Live in extreme conditions
        
        Lack nucleus
        
        Prokaryotic
    - - Single celled
        
        Lack membrane bound organelles
        
        Prokeryotic
    - - Single or multicellular
        
        Have a nucleus
        
        Eukaryotic
  - - - Phylum
        
        Class
        
        Order
        
        Family
        
        Species
- - - - Phosphate with four oxygens
    - - Oxygen and Hydrogen with a double bonded hydrogen ~
    - - Double bonded hydrogen~~
    - - Carbon with a hydrogen
    - - Nitrogen with two hydrogens and a R group
  - - - Water splits molecules
        
        Makes monomers out of Polymers
        
        Adds a water molecules
    - - Water comes out of reaction
        
        Builds Polymers out of Monomers
        
        Takes away a water molecule
  - - - One monomer
      - Glucose
        
        Formula C6H12O6
    - - Ex: Maltose
    - - Cellulose
        
        Found in plant cells
      - Starch
      - Amalopectin
    - - Provide energy
      - Structual support
  - - - Keep animals warm and dry
    - - Saturated
        
        All single bonds
        
        Solid a room temp.
        
        Bad for you
      - Unsaturated
        
        One or more double bonds
        
        Kinky shape
        
        Liquid at room temp.
      - Trans
        
        Made when a solid fat is baked
        
        VERY bad for you
    - - fused ring structure
        
        Ex: Cholestrol
    - - Made of a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails
      - Big component of cell membrane
      - Amphiphilic
        
        Hydrophilic heads
        
        Hydrophobic tails
  - - - Chains of Animo Acids
        
        Central carbon, hydrogen group above, amino group to the left, carboxyl group to the right, R group down below
        
        Polar or non-polar
    - - Structual
        
        Ex: Keratin
      - Storage
        
        Ex: Egg Whites ~
      - Transport
        
        Ex: Hemoglobin
      - Contractile
        
        Ex: Actin
      - Enzyme
        
        Ex: Maltase
      - Defence
        
        Ex: Immunoglobin
      - Hormonal
        
        Ex: Insulin
      - Receptor ~
  - - - Two strands of nuclecotides
      - Guanine to Cytocine; Adenine to Thymine
      - Deoxyribose Sugar
      - Carries gentic information
      - Stays in nucleus
      - Transscription
    - - One strand of nucleotides
      - Guanine to Cytosine: Uracyl to Adenine
      - Ribose sugar
      - Involved in protien synthesis
      - Leaves Nucleus
      - Types
        
        Rrna
        
        involved in production of ribosomes
        
        Trna
        
        Transfers messages to ribosome
        
        Mrna
        
        Decodes messages from nucleus
        
        miRNA
      - Translation
    - - Pyramines
        
        One
        
        Cytosine, Uracyl, Thymine
      - Purines
        
        Two
        
        Adenine, Guanine
- - - - Microscopes that uses light to view a specimen
      - Pros
        
        Cheap
        
        For beginners
        
        Live specimens
        
        True color
      - Cons
        
        Bad resolution
    - - Uses electrons to view substances
        
        Scanning
        
        Views surface of substance
        
        Transmission
        
        Views inside of substance
      - Cons
        
        Expensive
        
        Not for beginners
        
        False color
        
        Dead specimens
      - Pros
        
        Good resolution
        
        Transmission can see inside
  - - - Smaller ribosomes
      - Lacks membrane bound organelles
      - Unicellular
      - One chromosome
      - Smaller
      - Lacks nucleus
    - - Larger
      - Uni/multicelluar
      - Larger ribosomes
      - Membrane bouncd organelles
      - Nucleus
      - Multiple chromosomes
  - - - ER
        
        Rough ER
        
        Ribsomes
        
        Produce proteins
        
        Lysosmes
        
        Destroy pathgens entering the cell through endosymbiosis
        
        modify proteins and produce phospholipids
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Vesicles
        
        Golgi Apparatus
        
        Vesicles
        
        Cell membrane
        
        proteins exit cell through exocytosis
        
        Bud from trans face
        
        Transports proteins from golgi to cell membrane
        
        sorts, packages and tags protiens
        
        Receiving side called cis face, opposite side called trans face
        
        Transports protiens from rough ER to golgi
  - - - Mitochondria
      - Nucelus
        
        Envelope
        
        Nucleoplasm
      - Perixoisome
      - Chloroplasts
      - Vacuole
- - - - Gas
        
        Particles move quickly
        
        Boiling point of 100 degrees C
        
        Highest Density
      - Liquid
        
        Room temperature
        
        Liquid water has highest denisty at 4 degrees
      - Solid
        
        Particles move slowly
        
        Freezes at 32 degrees F
        
        Denisty less then Liquid
    - - Buffers
        
        Don't drastically change PH
      - Scale
        
        Highest 14
        
        7-14 base
        
        OH
        
        Negatively charged
        
        More OH- equals higher PH
        
        Lowest 1
        
        1-7 acid
        
        H
        
        positively charged
        
        More H+ equals lower PH
        
        Distilled water = 7
    - - Cohesive
        
        Water molecules weakly attracted to other water molecules
        
        Surface tension
        
        Adhesion
        
        Water molecules stick to other molecules
        
        Capillary action
      - Specific Heat
        
        Water heats slower then all other liquids
        
        Mammals body temp. doesn't change drastically due to this ~
        
        Sea breezes/ land breezes
        
        Calorie ~
      - Anomolus Denisty
        
        Solid > Liquid
        
        Allows for organisms to live under ice in winter
      - Solubilty
        
        Disolves other substances
        
        Dehydration Sphere
        
        Deassoicatation ~
    - - One oxygen
      - Two hydrogen
      - Polar molecule
  - - - Composition
        
        Hydrogen
        
        Carbon
      - Forms
        
        Ring
        
        Aromatic
        
        Linear "Chain"
        
        Alaphatic
      - Naming
        
        Suffixes
        
        Single bond
        
        Double bond
        
        Triple bond
        
        Yne
        
        Ene
        
        Ane
        
        Prefixes
        
        Meth-
        
        Eth-
        
        Tri-
        
        Bute-
        
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    - - Enantiomers
        
        Have same structure but mirror images of another
      - Structual
        
        Different arrangement of carbons
      - Geometric
        
        differ in where (double) bonds are
  - - - Structure
        
        Protons
        
        Postively charged
        
        Contribute to cell's charge
        
        Found in Nucelus
        
        High Mass
        
        Contribute to cell's atomic mass
        
        Nuetrons
        
        No charge
        
        DO NOT contribute to cell's charge
        
        Found in Nucelus
        
        High mass
        
        Contribute to cell's atomic mass
        
        Determine Isotopes
        
        number of nuetrons determines
        
        Electrons
        
        Negatively charged
        
        Do contribute to cell's charge
        
        Found in electron cloud
        
        Low, almost non-existant mass
        
        Doesn't contribute to atom's atomic mass
      - Stable when they have 8 valence electrons
    - - Periodic Table
        
        Rows determine number of electrons orbitals
        
        Columns determine number of valence electrons
        
        Made by mandelev in like the 1800s, orginal had 30 something elements
        
        Go in order by atomic number
        
        atomic number determined by number of protons
      - Smallest unit of one compound, not a bunch of compounds
    - - Charged molecules
        
        Cations
        
        Positive charge
        
        Made by losing electrons
        
        Anions
        
        Negative Charge
        
        Mae by gaining electons
      - Ionic Bonds
        
        Bonded by giving away or taking in an electron
        
        Second strongest type
        
        When difference of atomic mass is above 1.8
    - - Determined by number of neutrons
      - Different forms of same element
      - Radioisotopes
        
        Unstable
        
        Give off electons
        
        Uses
        
        Carbon dating
        
        Cancer detection
    - - Smallest unit of everything
      - Everything made of matter
  - - - Form bonds
        
        Covalent Bonds
        
        Difference in atomic mass less then 1.8
        
        "Share" electron
        
        Goal is to fill valence shell
        
        Strongest kind of bond
        
        Non-Polar
        
        Electrons are equally shared between two atoms
        
        Difference of mass less then 0.5
        
        Polar
        
        Electrons are not equally shared between two atoms
        
        Difference of mass great then 0.5 but less then 1.8
        
        Hydrogen Bonds
        
        Weak interactions between two hydrogens
        
        Involved in DNA structure, connect two amino groups
    - - Form bonds
        
        Hydrogen Bonds
- - - - Endergonic
        
        Require energy
    - - Exergonic
        
        Release energy
- - - - "Fluid Mosaic Model"
        
        Proteins
        
        Integral
        
        Peripheral
        
        Cholesterol
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Glycoprotein
        
        Glycolipid
        
        Phospholipids
        
        Hydrophilic head
        
        Hydrophobic Tail
    - - Active
        
        Bulk Transport
        
        Endocytosis
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
        
        Exocytosis
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
      - Passive
        
        Diffusion
        
        Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Transporters
        
        Channels
        
        Aquaporins
        
        Carriers
        
        Types
        
        Uniporter
        
        Multiple
        
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        Osmosis