Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
General Sociology - Societies - Week 2 (Industrial society explained (Karl…
General Sociology - Societies - Week 2
5 types of Societies (Lenski & Lenski)
Non industrial societies
Horticultural and pastoral
From about 12,000 years ago to 3000 BC
Little complex technology: primative hand tools + domestication of animals
Small settlements grow into first societies
Temporary settlements/nomadic
Family centered, increasing task differentiation and incipient functional differentiation (religion): increasing social inequality
Agrarian societies
Fromm 5000 years ago until today
More complex technology: use of animal power, water power and wind power
Birth of first cities with high population
Erosion of the family-centered model. increased job and functional differentiation: increasing social inequality
More complex and populous society types
Hunting and Gathering
Little complex technology: 'primative weapons'
Small groups (25-40 persons)
Typically nomadic
Family centered, hardly any social inequality
Until 12,000 years ago, the only type of society
Increasing in pressure
Regarded as primative
Industrial societies
Industrial societies
From mid-18th century to today
Complex technology - industrial production: use of new power sources (steam, electricity, oil)
More complex and populous society types
Massive rural exodus: birth of metropolises
Accelerated task - and functional differentiation: social inequality rises and falls
Post industiral societies
Very complex technology - information technology: use of new power-and computing resources (nuclear energy, computers)
More complex society type, rapid population expansion
Majority live in cities or urban areas
Accelerated task - and functional differentiation globalization: inequality is rising on a global scale
From second half of twentieth century until now
Drawbacks
Disappearance of traditional communities
Advanced technology does not equal happiness
Technology creates new problems
Industrial society explained
Karl Marx
Materialist worldview
Technological changes are only partly responsible for social change
Social conflict is the main engine of social change
Historical materialism
Historical struggle between segments of society pver ownership of means and modes of production determines the course of history
Historic evolution
Slave society (free citizens vs slaves)
The Middle ages - feudal society (feudal lord vs serf/nobleman vs citizen)
19th century - capitalist society: capitalist vs worker
Class opposition based on ownership of means of production
The superstructure perspective
Societies consist of
social institutions
economy
religion
law
culture
Economy dominates all other and forms its basis and determines the wider social superstructure
Economically dominant class defines what are dominant ideas by influencing other social institutions
False consciousness
: idea that unequal economic and industrial relations are as they should be because workers are constantly brainwashed by dominant ideas
Industrial capitalism is necessary for the birth of communism
Through the process of political awakening, workers will develop a class consciousness and evole from class-in-itself to class -for-itself
Growing class consciousness will lead to intensification of social conflict and ultimatey the reovlutionary class overthrow the capitalist system and install a communist society
Max Weber
Technological and economic changes are only partly responsible for social change
Ideas and ways of thinking have a trans formative effect
Goal-orientated rationality will prevail over value-oriented rationality
Evolution history
Pre-industrial societies
Dominance of traditions and traditional thinking/acting
Implies focus on the past, little room for change
Industrial society
Disenchantment of the world - rationality as the dominant model of human thought
Implies focus on future, continuous change
Rationality determines the character of modern society
7 characteristics of a rationaly organized society
distinctive social insittutions
large scale organizations
specialized tasks
personal discipline
awareness of time
technical competence
impersonality
Bureaucracy: large and strictly hierarchically orderd administrative organization where formal rules and strict procedures are used
With progressing rationalization and bureacratization: organizations built on goal-oriented rationality and efficient operation will reduce people to numbers and will finally crush the free, creative human spirit
Emile Durkheim
The main cause of social change is the process of increasing division of labour
Industrial society leads to an increasing degree of specialization and task differentiation
Evolving from a society based on mechanical solidarity to a society based on organic solidarity
Mechanical solidarity
low division of labour
strong collective consciousness
repressive law
Organic solidarity
High division of labour
Weak collective consciousness
Restitutive law
Society exists outside of us, it is an indeoendent entitiy seperate from the individuals who ar epart of it
Society consists of social structures
Condensations or patterns of human interation that make up independent social facts, indpeendent of concrete individuals, and are associates with specific belief, values and norms
family
school
associsations
professional relationships
individuals fundtion within different social structures where they occupy a specific social role
Every social position implies a specific role
parent
student
employee
board member
PEople usually stick to the expectations assosciated with a specific social role becuase there is social control
Social structures have the power to influence the ideas and behaviours of each individual
Evolution history
PRe industrial: dominance of tradition
strong collective consciousness and moral consensus
coherence is ensured by mechanical solidarirty
Industrial society
Detraditionalization and individualusation
weak collective consciousness and loss of moral consesus
coherence is nevertheless ensured by organic solidarity based on functional dependency