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Models for Human Disease (Californian sea hare (Aplysia) (Identified…
Models for Human Disease
Californian sea hare (Aplysia)
Develop the neuroscience field
Eric Kandel
Identified morphology and function of neurones in the abdominal ganglion
(Frazier, 1967)
Theories into the creation of short and long term memories
Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Advantages of using the Medaka fish / fish in general
Retinoblastoma can be induced in a lab environment
High fecundity
Clear outermost membrane of eggs (allows for observation of embryo)
(Ostrander and Rotchell, 2005)
Model for retinoblastoma
It is believed that liver cancer in Medaka had a similar cause to that in humans
Good model for Rb in Humans
Rb codes for a tumor suppressor protein
Rotchell et al. (2001)
(Hawkins et al., 1986)
methylazoxymethanol acetate induced retinal neoplasm
Highest prevalence at 50mg/l
63% of the fish exposed to this concentration had developed a tumor of some sort
Was used because it could be induced in a lab environment
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
It has been used as a model for Fanconi anaemia
This is a rare hereditary disease
It leads to fetal development adamage
Higher risk skin cancer
Affects DNA repair mechanisms
Unhealthy blood
Death before adulthood
Why are they good Models?
'Knockdown' genes
We have sequenced the whole genome
Inactive the genes, essentially
Genetic modified varients
They undergo rapid development/ growth after birth
TILLING
Reverse genetics strategy
was developed by Colbert (2001)
It is used to identify mutation damage in specific genes
Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes
Damselfish (Stegastes partitus)
Used as a model for Neurofibromatosis
Damselfish Neurofibromatosis (DNF)
Caused by a Virus-like agent
Virus-induced tumors are not well documented