Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Word order (Constituent order correlations (tendencies for OV and VO…

- - - - the standard of comparison + the marker of comparison + the adjective:
    - - STRONG BIDIRECTIONAL CORRELATION: but if an OV language has articles, they will follow the noun, and if in a language the article follows the noun, it is highly likely to be an OV
        language
- - - - English - rigid w.o., because the syntactic roles are determined by the w.o. (SPO)
- - - - the adjective follows the noun (NAdj) - 64,3%
      - No dominant order - 8,1%
      - the adjective precedes the noun (AdjN) e.g. English - 27,3%
    - - the demonstrative word follows the noun (NDem) - 45,8%
      - the demonstrative word precedes the noun (DemN) - 44,3%
      - the demonstrative affix is either a prefix (0,7%) on the noun or a suffix (2,3%) on the noun
      - the demonstrative word or a x may simultaneously precede and follow the noun (1,4%)
      - No dominant order - 5,5%
    - - E.g. John’s bike, the roof of the house
        
        Similar distribution to OV and VO, GenN more widespread than OV
        
        genitive NP follows the head noun (NGen) - 37,4%
        
        No dominant order - 7,7% (like English)
        
        genitive NP precedes the head noun (GenN) - 54,9%
    - - No dominant order - 5,6%
      - the numeral precedes the noun (NumN) - 41,5%
      - the numeral follows the noun (NNum) - 52.7%
- - - - Dominant w.o. (Dryer)
        
        Object and verb
        
        In some languages said to have no dominant SVO order, have VO or OV order: in them the position of the subject is not fixed, but that of the object is
        
        No dominant (6,6%)
        
        VO (46,4%) - Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, Meso-America and along the Pacific North American coast
        
        OV (46,9%) - most of Asia, Papua New Guinea, North America and northern South America, a belt across Africa just under the Sahara, Australia
        
        Subject, Verb, Object
        
        7 possibilities (ranked by their frequency): SOV (41%), SVO (35,4%), languages with no dominant w.o. (13,7%), VSO, VOS, OVS, OSV
        
        SVO - common in Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
        
        SOV - prominent in Asia, Papua New Guinea, Northern America
        
        Subject and verb
        
        In intransitive clauses: the majority coincides with the transitive (SOV, SVO & OSV - are SV lang-s; VSO, VOS, OVS - VS lang-s)
        
        Those with no dominant w.o. with transitive clauses (SVO and SOV equally), have with intransitive clauses (since in the first case the position of the O is relative to the V is unstable). E.g. German
        
        Some languages - vice versa (Tepehua - SVO, but VS)
- - - - may also have a complement and an adverbial
        
        Adverbial - a constituent that functions as an adverb.Is not necessarily an adverb. E.g. We arrived early (adverb) /in the evening (PrepP) / the following day (NP) / after the others had left (sub clause)
        
        Complement - an attribute to an argument. e.g. The woman is a doctor.
      - simple sentence (1 main clause) vs. complex sentence (2 or more coordinated main clauses or a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses)
        
        subordinate clause is dependent on the main clause
        
        main clause can function on its own, independent of other clauses
    - - 1 word or a group of words hat belong together to form one syntactic unit
        
        Classified according to the category that the head belongs to and usually takes the syntactic position the head would take
        
        Adpositional Phrases (PP: PrepP vs. PostP)- apposition as the head (most commonly a preposition or a postposition). e.g. after the bus
        
        Adverb phrases (AdvP) - adv as the head. e.g. very quickly
        
        Noun phrases (NP)
        
        Adjective phrases (AP or AdjP) - adj as the head. e.g. very young: very - modifier
        
        Verb phrases (VP)