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same results as the modern square. Accordingly, the existential fallacy is committed from the Aristotelian standpoint when and only when contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation are used (in an oth- erwise correct way) to draw a conclusion from a premise about things that do not exist. All such inferences begin with a universal proposition, which has no existential import, and they conclude with a particular proposition, which has existential import.